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1_Histories of Social Psychology

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Week two with Paul Dickerson, referencing to lectures and Chapter 1 of the book.
murat sertay
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Question 1

Question
Many critical psychologists believe that research should focus on...
Answer
  • The individual and human behaviour.
  • The psychological processes of others.
  • How society shapes our perceptions of self.
  • How the self became what it is now.

Question 2

Question
Fox (1985) and Prilleltensky (1989) note that focusing on the individualisation of social phenomena does what?
Answer
  • Don't draw enough attention to the underlying individual differences.
  • Ignore societal issues.
  • Are becoming outdated.
  • Gets overlooked and thus needs more research.

Question 3

Question
What do critics believe that social psychology does by focusing on the individual rather than social factors in terms of economic and political power?
Answer
  • It's not being unbiased.
  • It's negating from other views.
  • It's delving too much into something that doesn't require a lot of thought.
  • It's being naive.

Question 4

Question
Billig (2008) stresses that social psychology should be...
Answer
  • Focusing on social differences.
  • Focusing on individual differences.
  • Focusing on how thoughts are shaped by cultural and historical context.
  • Focusing on the underlying inhibitions of the self.
  • Focusing on the cognitive disorders that perpetuate these thoughts and beliefs.

Question 5

Question
Sampson (1989, 1993) and Gergen (2009) believe that...
Answer
  • The self is best thought of as an entity of social society, and everything is intermixed as a result.
  • The self is too complex to divulge into, and we must look elsewhere. This is a waste of time.
  • The self is a separate entity and causes its own human behaviour, but we need to look at society as a whole.
  • We must focus on the evolutionary approaches instead.

Question 6

Question
Max Wertheimer's work (1938 [1923]) focused on what?
Answer
  • How raw individual stimuli is perceived as a group in a multitude of ways.
  • How groups of raw stimuli can be perceived as individual elements in different ways.
  • How stimuli can affect our perception of our own individual differences and in others.
  • How stimuli can alter our thoughts and beliefs of society.

Question 7

Question
What did Ivan Pavlov (1927) and his experiments with dogs uncover in social psychology and individual cognitions?
Answer
  • Neutral stimuli cannot condition certain responses.
  • Neutral stimuli can condition certain responses.
  • Animals have a different mindset to conditioning than humans.
  • Animals think similarly to humans in certain aspects.

Question 8

Question
Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted research with a child ("Little Albert") by looking into pairing stimuli with a consequence. What did they do?
Answer
  • They taught the child to be afraid of the white rabbit that he was exposed to.
  • They taught the child to be friendly towards the white rabbit that he was exposed to.
  • They taught the child to feed the white rabbit in order for it to survive.
  • They taught the child that it is wrong to look at a white rabbit.

Question 9

Question
Kurt Lewin (1943) believed that...
Answer
  • The understanding of human behaviour is in how individuals perceive their environment.
  • The understanding of human behaviour is in how individuals perceive themselves.
  • The understanding of human behaviour is in how individuals perceive their cultural and historical backgrounds.
  • The understanding of human behaviour is in how individuals perceive those around them.

Question 10

Question
Social psychologists are now interested in researching what to identify others?
Answer
  • How they perceive other individuals belonging to certain groups.
  • How they perceive the society around them.
  • How they perceive themselves.
  • How they perceive existentialism.
  • How they perceive their cultural and historical backgrounds.

Question 11

Question
What was Locke concerned with when delving into social psychology?
Answer
  • The metaphorical mind.
  • The physical mind.
  • The body.
  • The society that we live in.
  • The perception of others.

Question 12

Question
What did Locke believe in?
Answer
  • Our thoughts and beliefs come from the environments that we inhabit and experience.
  • Our cognitions come from nothing and are not representative of the environment.
  • Our thoughts and beliefs are passed on from mothers, fathers, and people before us, and carried on to the next.

Question 13

Question
How did Locke want to research social psychology?
Answer
  • Through spells.
  • Through religion.
  • Through physical experimentation.
  • Through obervsation.

Question 14

Question
Shaftesbury's ideas and approach to the world emphasise the understanding of what?
Answer
  • The individual self in smaller parts.
  • People other than ourselves.
  • The individual as a whole.
  • The world in smaller parts.
  • The world as a whole.

Question 15

Question
What did Wilhelm Wundt and Völkerpsychologie aim to stress?
Answer
  • Looking at language, myth, and customs, but also the wider social and historical contexts.
  • Looking inside the individual self for smaller measurable and analytical variables.
  • Looking at the social community for why individual cognitions come to form.
  • Looking at when individual cognitions are developed.

Question 16

Question
What was Greenwood's (2004) criticism of the north American approach to social psychology?
Answer
  • It was too individualistic.
  • It was not individualistic enough.
  • It ignored everyone else's views.
  • It took on too many critics' views.

Question 17

Question
Billig (2011) highlights that...
Answer
  • Social psychology's technical terminology doesn't challenge the theories built by other researchers, but instead fits in with what they are trying to see themselves.
  • Social psychology's technical terminology does little to help us better understand ourselves and therefore must be improved.
  • Social psychology's technical terminology cannot go further without expanding its vocabulary. It's far too limited.

Question 18

Question
Reicher and Haslam (2006) replicated the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment led by Zimbardo (1974) some time before. What were the findings this time around compared to the original experiment?
Answer
  • The guards were even more aggressive than those in the Stanford experiment.
  • The guards and prisoners cohabitated the building with little distress or problems arising.
  • The prisoners were aggressive and challenged authority regularly.
  • The prisoners began to fight between themselves as time wore on.

Question 19

Question
What were the criticisms that Reicher and Haslam (2006) gave of Zimbardo (1974)?
Answer
  • That the Stanford experiment's instructions to the guards probably distorted their powers of authority, leading to the results that it gave.
  • There was too much control over the roles, thus it was completely unrealistic.
  • He didn't do enough to maintain a status quo.
  • He should have filmed it in order to better assess what behaviours would have been if both the guards and prisoners were watched.

Question 20

Question
What interpretations did Reicher and Haslam (2006) draw from their own study with regards to Social Identity Theory (SIT)?
Answer
  • It supports SIT.
  • It does not support SIT.
  • It supports evolutionary approaches to social psychology instead.
  • It supports epistemological approaches to social psychology instead.

Question 21

Question
Reicher and Haslam (2006) also believed that their study...
Answer
  • Gave convincing supportive evidence to SIT in terms of resisting authority.
  • Didn't give enough evidence to support SIT in terms of resisting authority.
  • Should be replicated without the disclosure of both groups being filmed.
  • Should be replicated to add a third group and observe its effects.

Question 22

Question
What was Zimbardo's (2006) interpretation of the Reicher and Haslam (2006) BBC Prison Study?
Answer
  • It gave strong empirical support to social identity theory with how it functions a guard-prisoner dynamic in realistic settings.
  • It is highly unrealistic and doesn't add much value to the argument of social identity theory, largely because of the concepts being used (e.g. filming, promotion).

Question 23

Question
What was Zimbardo's (2006) take on the BBC Prison Study allowing for prisoners to be promoted?
Answer
  • He criticised it for being extremely inauthentic and unlike any real prison in the world.
  • He supported it for its potential to draw out interesting social behaviours in how the group of prisoners would behave.

Question 24

Question
How did Zimbardo (2006) feel about the psychometric testing used on participants in the BBC Prison Study?
Answer
  • He felt it was a necessary tool to assess and analyse those involved.
  • He felt that it only served to reiterate that the surroundings both the guards and prisoners were in were not real.

Question 25

Question
What was Zimbardo's response to the prisoners in the BBC Prison Study being filmed?
Answer
  • It was necessary to gain footage of what was happening.
  • It only increased the guards and prisoners' self-awareness.

Question 26

Question
What is the situationalist approach?
Answer
  • How individual cognitions are shaped by ourselves, and not by society, because it's only about us.
  • How we need to consider the environment - both physically and socially - within which behaviour occurs. It has an undervalued status.
  • How every situation is dependent on what we see and interpret it to be.

Question 27

Question
What is the rational actor approach?
Answer
  • That our behaviour is not always rational and that we cannot always assume that we will act in the best interests of what we think and know at the time.
  • That we will always weigh the pros and cons of every situation we are in based on what others think compared to what we feel.
  • That, theoretically, individuals will always make their decisions based on rational and logical thinking that correlate with what benefits them most.

Question 28

Question
What is the social cognition approach?
Answer
  • It looks at the social cognitions that manifest within ourselves.
  • It looks at the social cognitions that are determined purely by people other than ourselves.
  • It looks at how people process and understand social information.

Question 29

Question
What is the group approach?
Answer
  • It focuses in on the group as an entire identity, rather than a collection of individuals. Many individuals, but one directive.
  • It focuses in on how the individual creates its own group to become an identity through its own self-serving schemas.
  • It focuses in on to what extent we need to understand group identity to be a key factor in our individual cognitions.

Question 30

Question
What is the evolutionary approach?
Answer
  • How we can establish new traits as a species that will benefit those not here for generations.
  • How human social behavioural traits can be found in other intelligent species. Our 'instinctive' behaviour has affected other our existence (e.g. attraction, aggression, group mentality).

Question 31

Question
What is the cross-cultural approach?
Answer
  • How other cultures have influenced our thought patterns.
  • How our own cultures have influenced our thought patterns.
  • How others develop the individual cognitions that affect our thought on a regular basis.
  • How differences in culture (particularly Eastern vs. Western ideologies) affect the way that we see ourselves and others who are not like our own selves.

Question 32

Question
What is the social representations approach?
Answer
  • Researching how others form the world that we see and the environment that we inhabit.
  • How shared thoughts, beliefs, and principles have become 'common sense' and collective understandings that circulate around society.
  • How social behaviours have changed over time, from the beginning until now.

Question 33

Question
What is the ideological approach?
Answer
  • How an ideal world would shape the way society works as a whole, together, in a much better way.
  • How individuals shape their own thoughts, beliefs, and the importance of the individualistic self, not society.
  • How an ideal world would be, theoretically, without certain cognitions.

Question 34

Question
What is the discourse analysis approach?
Answer
  • How talk can construct our realities.
  • How different social views can affect conversations with others to explain the world around is.
  • None of the above.

Question 35

Question
What is the conversation analysis approach?
Answer
  • How conversations help to form individual cognitions.
  • The analysis of social interactions, specifically conversations.
  • How we see ourselves before and after conversations with others.

Question 36

Question
"If you search for ever smaller units, you will come up with discoveries of increasing trivality." Who said this?
Answer
  • Shaftesbury
  • Reid
  • Locke
  • Freud
  • Wundt
  • James
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