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cognitive science Quiz on hw7, created by Nikhil Bajaj on 11/30/2016.
Nikhil Bajaj
Quiz by Nikhil Bajaj, updated more than 1 year ago
Nikhil Bajaj
Created by Nikhil Bajaj almost 8 years ago
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Question 1

Question
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make “warmth” judgments every 15 sec. to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of the experiment was to;
Answer
  • show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem.
  • demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.
  • show that some problems are easier to solve than others.
  • measure the time-course of solving well defined vs. ill defined problems.

Question 2

Question
Glick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves following three steps;
Answer
  • restructuring, simulating, surfacing.
  • restructuring, searching, and simulating.
  • surfacing, structuring, and generalizing.
  • noticing, mapping, and applying.

Question 3

Question
Amber lives between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. Usually she takes the street to the south to work each morning, but it’s now closed for repairs, but is now taking the street to the north instead. Once the closed street is reopened, if she continues taking the street to the north, even though it’s a little longer, it would be an example of;
Answer
  • divergent thinking.
  • ill-formed source problem.
  • a mental set
  • single dissociation

Question 4

Question
A heuristic is;
Answer
  • a quick ‘rule of thumb’ to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost of accuracy.
  • an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the negative.
  • when a correlation appears to exist between two events when none is present.
  • an exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision.

Question 5

Question
Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represent the _____ problem.
Answer
  • exemplar
  • source
  • target
  • prototype

Question 6

Question
Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem, the;
Answer
  • source story.
  • intermediate state.
  • initial state.
  • goal state.

Question 7

Question
A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, analyzing the discussions, she identifies particular problem solving techniques. This an example of _____ research.
Answer
  • environmental functional fixedness
  • in-vivo problem solving
  • situationally produced mental set
  • think-aloud protocol

Question 8

Question
Kaplan and Simon’s experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that;
Answer
  • people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but are more methodical when working on a non-insight problem.
  • the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of solving.
  • a person’s mental set can hinder their finding a solution to a problem.
  • people often have to backtrack in the problem space to arrive at the correct answer.

Question 9

Question
Which of the following statements about the differences between novices and experts when solving a problem is NOT true?
Answer
  • Experts spend more time analyzing problems than novices.
  • Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.
  • Experts possess more knowledge than novices
  • Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles.

Question 10

Question
Jack is a psychology grad student preparing for his dissertation. Faced with an extensive list of research articles to consider, he excludes many from consideration because they don’t consider findings he and his adviser published together in previous papers, and as such, aren’t up to date on the most current theories on the topic; those of Jack and his adviser. This exclusion of info is an example of the;
Answer
  • the conjunction rule
  • representativeness heuristic
  • hindsight bias
  • myside bias

Question 11

Question
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n);
Answer
  • object with a specific function.
  • familiar object.
  • novel object
  • frequently used object.

Question 12

Question
Newell and Simon’s early work on problem solving was based on the idea that it is a processing involving;
Answer
  • algorithms.
  • heuristics.
  • insight.
  • search.

Question 13

Question
_____ identified people’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.
Answer
  • The analogical problem solving approach.
  • Information processing psychologists
  • Gestalt psychologists
  • Psychophysicists

Question 14

Question
Decisions based on _____ are usually going to be correct, but there’s always the chance they could be mistaken.
Answer
  • representative observations
  • algorithmic reasoning
  • inductive reasoning
  • heuristic reasoning

Question 15

Question
The Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving a process that involves;
Answer
  • sensory operators.
  • continuity and form.
  • multiple goal states.
  • reorganization or restructuring.

Question 16

Question
In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _____ state.
Answer
  • functional fixedness
  • intermediate
  • initial
  • goal

Question 17

Question
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a juice company. Sales of their calcium enhanced OJ were poor, and the product was cancelled. Her factory still had three cases of the produce, and she was told she could have them. With the cartons, she made several bird feeders and seedling planters, and a fort for her four year old son. This use of the cartons represents;
Answer
  • divergent thinking.
  • insight.
  • hierarchical organization
  • convergent thinking.

Question 18

Question
The best description of think aloud protocols is that they are used to determine;
Answer
  • how a person’s expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner.
  • what info a person is attending to while solving a problem.
  • which people can be considered more creative in their problem solving.
  • how to develop computer programs tha tbest mimic human problem solving

Question 19

Question
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because;
Answer
  • the solution is immediately obvious.
  • the initial state is not clearly defined.
  • there is an obstacle between the present state and goal state.
  • the goal state is not clearly defined.

Question 20

Question
The _____ is assuming something belongs in a particular group because it shares features with that group, but is actually a member of a different group.
Answer
  • illusory correlation
  • stereotype
  • availability heuristic
  • representativeness heuristic

Question 21

Question
The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as;
Answer
  • analogical transfer.
  • analogical encoding.
  • in-vivo problem solving.
  • insight.

Question 22

Question
The _____ states that the probability of two events occuring together cannot be higher than the probability of either even occurring alone.
Answer
  • representativeness heuristic
  • law of large numbers
  • rule of averages
  • conjunction rule

Question 23

Question
_____ is the behavioral tendency to avoid _____.
Answer
  • Calculated risk : unnecessary risks
  • Risk aversion : calculated risks
  • Risk aversion : unnecessary risks
  • Unnecessary risk : risk aversion

Question 24

Question
Actions that take the problem from one state to another are called;
Answer
  • sub-goals.
  • intermediate states.
  • mental sets.
  • operators.

Question 25

Question
In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem is the one the participant is trying to solve, and the _____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching a solution.
Answer
  • exemplar : source
  • target : source
  • prototype : target
  • source : target

Question 26

Question
Insight refers to;
Answer
  • prior learning facilitating problem solving
  • prior learning hindering problem solving.
  • the tendency to respond in a certain manner based on past experience
  • the sudden realization of a problem’s solution.

Question 27

Question
_____ refers to the idea that the participants in a sample will accurately portray the characteristics of the population the sample is drawn from.
Answer
  • Inductive reasoning
  • Number of observations
  • Representativeness of observations
  • Quality of evidence

Question 28

Question
The base rate is;
Answer
  • the relative frequency at which an event/person occurs in the population
  • that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the population.
  • mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to that event, rather than the actual frequency of all instances of that event.
  • that the probability of two events occurring together cannot be higher than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Question 29

Question
Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinger solution of a problem?
Answer
  • The radiation problem.
  • Mutilated checkerboard.
  • Tower of Hanoi.
  • Two-string.

Question 30

Question
The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from;
Answer
  • seeing more efficient solutions.
  • being able to solve other problems.
  • discriminating between well and ill-defined problems.
  • understanding why the procedure is successful.

Question 31

Question
The _____ is mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to the event, rather than the actual frequency of all instances of that event.
Answer
  • availability heuristic
  • illusory correlation
  • representativeness heuristic
  • stereotype

Question 32

Question
Experts categorize problems based on;
Answer
  • event-specific knowledge.
  • how similar the objects in the problem are.
  • surface and deep structures
  • general principles the problems share.

Question 33

Question
The Gestaltist’s “circle problem” in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate;
Answer
  • how analogies can be used to solve problems.
  • means-end analysis.
  • representation and restructuring.
  • the problem space.

Question 34

Question
_____ is the idea that people will always seek to maximize their personal gain whenever making a decision.
Answer
  • Selfishness
  • Expected utility theory
  • Statistical illiteracy
  • Utilitarianism

Question 35

Question
The solution to the “candle problem” involves realizing that the;
Answer
  • candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally.
  • candle can be cut in half.
  • match box can be used as a shelf.
  • match box can be used as a container for tacks.

Question 36

Question
____ refers to the idea that more evidence (data, or how many examples can be cited) increases the support for a conclusion.
Answer
  • Deductive reasoning
  • Quality of evidence
  • Number of observations
  • Representativeness of observations

Question 37

Question
Confirmation bias is;
Answer
  • the relative frequency at which an event occurs in the population.
  • where we favor info confirming our position, and discount evidence contradicting it.
  • mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to that event, rather than the frequency of all instances of that event.
  • the probability of two events occurring together cannot be greater than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Question 38

Question
An algorithm is;
Answer
  • an exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision.
  • A quick ‘rule of thumb’ to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost of accuracy.
  • when a correlation appears to exist between two events when none is present.
  • an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the negative.

Question 39

Question
The “fortress problem” involves a castle and marching soldiers, while the “radiation problem” involves a tumor and X-rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different;
Answer
  • surface features.
  • mental sets.
  • operators.
  • structural features.

Question 40

Question
The _____ states that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the population it’s drawn from.
Answer
  • representativeness heuristic
  • law of large numbers
  • conjuction rule
  • rule of averages
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