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HPS203 EXAM REVISION

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Quiz on HPS203 EXAM REVISION, created by kayla orphanos on 22/05/2017.
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Question 1

Question
What is the definition of Cognitive Psychology?
Answer
  • Cognition is the collection of mental activities used in perceiving, remembering and thinking, as well as the act of using those processes. Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of these mental processes.
  • Cognition is the collection of mental activities used in thinking, remembering and processing, speaking and listening, as well as the act of using those processes. Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of these mental processes.

Question 2

Question
Historically, the movement known as behaviourism was encouraged by researchers concerns about
Answer
  • Psychotherapy
  • An exaggerated focus on participants responses
  • Biologist inferring how a behaviour is likely to behave in the future of the basis of assessment of past behaviours
  • Behaviourist inferring how a behaviour was learned on the basis of a deduction from well-established principles of learning

Question 3

Question
The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A commonplace example of such an inference is a
Answer
  • Physicist inferring what the attributes of an electron must be on the basis of the visual effects that it causes
  • Computer scientist inferring what the attributes of a program must be on the basis of his or her long-range goes for the programs functioning
  • Biologist inferring how an organising is likely to behave in the future on the basis of assessment of past behaviours
  • Behaviourist inferring how a behaviour was learned on the basis of a deduction of well-established principles of learning

Question 4

Question
Participants in an experiment are shown a series of digits and then asked to repeat them back a moment later. While being shown the sequence, participants were required to say "TAH, TAH, TAH'" out loud, over and over again. The evidence indicates that the recitation of "TAH, TAH, TAH"will
Answer
  • Have no effect on performance
  • Provide a rhythm that helps organise participants rehearsal of digits, thereby improving their memory performance
  • Force participants to rely on the central executive rather than a less powerful lower-level assistant, thereby improving memory performance
  • Block participants from using their inner voices to rehearse the digits, thereby interfering with the memory task

Question 5

Question
Which of the following statements most accurately describes visual illusions?
Answer
  • The cognitive architecture that helps us in most cases causes illusions in other cases
  • Illusions are mostly beneficial to perception
  • Illusions will not occur if you know how to avoid them
  • Illusions can occur for shape and size, but not for colour or brightness

Question 6

Question
Imagine you are reading a puzzling email from a friend. You identify the words, but you have a hard time "reading between the lines". In this example, work identification involves __________ processing, while "reading between the lines" involves _________ processing.
Answer
  • top down; bottom up
  • top down; top down
  • bottom up; top down
  • bottom up; bottom up

Question 7

Question
Participants are shown a visual stimulus for just 30 milliseconds and are then asked "Was there an E or K in the stimulus? " We would expect the best performance if the stimulus is:
Answer
  • BWQK
  • BARK
  • K
  • GALK

Question 8

Question
According to the Recognition by Components model, geons are NOT
Answer
  • Simple shapes
  • Viewpoint Independent
  • Always easy to identify
  • Capable of identification if they are partially obstructed

Question 9

Question
Posner, Snyder and Davidson (1980) examined spatial attention using arrows as a prime. Most of the time the arrow pointed to the area where the stimulus would appear, but 20% of the time they did not. They compared reaction times (RT's) when the cue was valid, when it was invalid, and when a neutral cue was presented. Which of the following statements was NOT supported by their findings?
Answer
  • RTs were slower in the invalid condition than in the valid condition
  • Spatial attention is limited in capacity
  • We can attend to two different locations without a reduction in performance
  • RT's were faster for responses to valid cues relative to neutral cues

Question 10

Question
Patients with unilateral neglect ignore one side of their visual field. This problem illustrates the importance of
Answer
  • Object-based perception
  • Space-based perception
  • Memory for objects
  • Paying attention to objects

Question 11

Question
Participants are asked to listen to a tape-recorded message and to shadow the message as they hear it. Which of the following tasks will be easiest to combine with this shadowing task?
Answer
  • Viewing a series of printed words, followed by a test measuring memory of the words
  • Simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded message, followed by a test measuring memory for the gist of a the second message
  • Simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded list of words, followed by a test measuring memory of the word list
  • Viewing a series of pictures, followed by a test measuring memory for the pictures

Question 12

Question
Which of the following statements is NOT true of executive control?
Answer
  • It is used to keep current goals active
  • In Inhibits distracting thoughts
  • It seems to rely on the prefrontal cortex
  • It underlies habitual responding but not goal-directed behaviours

Question 13

Question
John is asked to remember the order a previously presented list of words. Compared to an immediate recall test, what effect would you expect a 20 second unfilled delay to have on memory performance?
Answer
  • It would have no effect on memory, compared to an immediate recall test
  • It would decrease memory for early words and improve memory for words presented later in the list
  • It would improve memory for early words
  • It would improve memory for recently presented words

Question 14

Question
Within working memory, "helpers" like the visuospatial buffer and articulatory rehearsal loop
Answer
  • Can take over some of the lower-level analyses ordinarily performed by the central executive
  • Can provide verbal, but not visual analysis of the memory items
  • Can provide short-term storage of items likely to be needed soon by the central executive
  • Preserve the items to be remembered in their initial sensory form (e.g. visual stimuli are preserved as visual images)

Question 15

Question
A student wishes to memorise an essay so that he will be able to recall the essays content later on. Which of the following is likely to LEAST helpful to him?
Answer
  • Making certain that he understands the argument contained within the essay
  • Thinking about why the essay is organised the way that it is
  • Reading the essay aloud over and over again
  • Trying to construct a paraphrase of the essay's content

Question 16

Question
Which is the LEAST important for memory acquisition?
Answer
  • Memory connections
  • Shallow processing
  • Organisation
  • Understanding

Question 17

Question
In an experiment, participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room B. If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test, participants
Answer
  • Performed as well as they would have done had there been no room change
  • Performed worse on the test due to dual-task memory distribution
  • Performed the same as those participants in who were not asked to think about Room A
  • Performed better than participants who were tested in Room B and were not asked to think about Room A, but worse than participants tested in Room A

Question 18

Question
Donna says "I can't figure out where I've seen that person before but I know that I have" Donna
Answer
  • Has episodic memory for the face but no generic memory for the face
  • Has a sense of familiarity but no source memory
  • Would perform well on a recall test but not on a recognition test
  • Seems to have formed interim associates when she last encountered the face

Question 19

Question
Which of the following examples is NOT considered evidence of an implicit memory?
Answer
  • Declaring that George Washington was the first president of the United States
  • Successfully riding a bike
  • Believing something is true because you have previously heard it
  • Classical conditioning

Question 20

Question
Current evidence indicates that patients suffering from Korkakoff's Amnesia
Answer
  • Show greater disruption in implicit memory than in explicit memory
  • Suffer from disruption in both implicit and explicit memory
  • Show intact implicit memory with perceptual cues but disrupted implicit memory with conceptual cues
  • Have preserved implicit memory despite severe disruption in explicit memory

Question 21

Question
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included within a kitchen schema?
Answer
  • Kitchens almost always contain a refrigerator
  • Kitchens sometimes contain a coffeemaker
  • A kitchen usually contains a sink
  • My Mother's kitchen contains a microwave oven

Question 22

Question
The misinformation effect is an example of
Answer
  • Selective amnesia
  • Source confusion
  • Retrieval failure
  • Memory decay

Question 23

Question
Emotion has multiple effects on the encoding and retrieval of memories. Which of the following is most likely to occur during the recall of every day emotional stress?
Answer
  • Amnesia
  • Repression
  • Decreased accuracy in recall
  • Accurate recall of events gist (e.g. the emotional events centre) but relatively poor recall of events background details ("periphery)

Question 24

Question
The memory that contains the full recollection of our lives is referred to as __________ memory
Answer
  • Self-recollective
  • Autobiographical
  • Emotional perspective
  • Personal experience

Question 25

Question
When we say "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Jones family" We mean
Answer
  • There is at least one feature shared by all the members of the family
  • There is at least one identifying trait such that if you have that trait, you are certain to be a member of the family
  • Any pair of family members will have certain traits in common even though there may be no traits shared by all of the family members
  • There are several features that all members of the family have in common

Question 26

Question
Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that
Answer
  • Both theories require the triggering of a memory
  • Both theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined
  • Both theories require a judgement of resemblance
  • Conclusions for both processes are based on resemblance

Question 27

Question
The use of theories plays an important role in our conceptual knowledge. Which of these is FALSE about the theories involved in conceptual knowledge?
Answer
  • They provide a knowledge base on which we can rely when thinking about an object. event or category
  • They play a large part in determining how easily and quickly we learn new concepts
  • They are often as precise and accurate as most scientific theories
  • They often allow us to understand any new facts that we encounter about an object or category

Question 28

Question
Which of the following benefits does a hierarchical network provide?
Answer
  • Information can be searched for equally quickly across all levels of the network
  • It is efficient because information is stored only once
  • Information is stored repeatedly to ensure accuracy
  • Information is organised according to use, so that more common representations can be accessed more quickly

Question 29

Question
Which of the following claims is true for depiction of a cat but NOT for a description of a cat?
Answer
  • Properties strongly associated with the cat (e.g. the whiskers) will be particularly prominent
  • The distinctive features of the cat (e.g. claws) will be particularly prominent
  • Aspects of the cat that are obvious (e.g. the fact the cat has a body) are likely not to be prominent
  • The cats head will probably be prominent, but the cats claws are likely not to be

Question 30

Question
A researcher asks a participant to memorise a city map. On the map, the library and the school are 4cm apart; the school and the hospital are 8cm apart. The researcher now instructs the participant to form an image of the map and to scan the from the library to the school. The researcher then asks participant to scan from the school to the hospital. It is more likely true that the scanning time from the school to the hospital is ___________ the scanning time between the library and the school.
Answer
  • Half
  • The same as
  • Triple
  • Double

Question 31

Question
Image files in long-term memory
Answer
  • Are distinctive because special processes (like scanning and zooming) operate on them
  • Hold large scale "templates" indicating how the image form looks
  • Contain the instructions needed to create a mental image
  • Usually contain a picture-like representation of an image

Question 32

Question
Homer, Lisa and Moe are asked to remember pairs of words. Homer tries to accomplish this task by rehearsing the words over and over again. Lisa decides to create a narrative combining the words together and finally, Moe decides to imagine the objects interacting in some way. Who is likely to remember the items?
Answer
  • Homer
  • Lisa
  • Moe
  • They will remember them equally well

Question 33

Question
In one experiment, participants were asked to list either 6 or 12 instances in their lives when they were assertive. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the participants who were asked to list only 6 instances?
Answer
  • Overall, they rated themselves as less assertive
  • They had an easier time fulfilling the task
  • They were given an easier task than the 12-instance participants
  • They relied on the availability heuristic when making their decision

Question 34

Question
Reasoning from "man who" arguments is usually inappropriate. In fact, generalising from a single case is justified only
Answer
  • For heterogeneous categories
  • When the sample size is adequate
  • When the base rates are unknown
  • For truly homogeneous categories

Question 35

Question
Research into whether personality traits can be diagnosed by descriptions of ink blots has shown that
Answer
  • Novices sometimes detect illusory co-variations but experts do not
  • Both novices and experts are successful in finding true co-variations
  • Novices are often better than experts at detecting true co-variations as they are less likely to be affected by confirmation bias
  • The pattern of observations that both experts and novices see if often not real but rather based on illusory co-variations

Question 36

Question
Data format seems to play an important role in decision making because
Answer
  • The correct format is more likely to trigger the necessary memory retrieval path
  • Certain formats, like frequencies are more likely to trigger System 1
  • Certain formats, like frequencies are more likely to trigger System 2
  • Proportions are the easiest to understand

Question 37

Question
One plan for solving a problem would be to consider every possible option, searching for the best solution. This broad plan is
Answer
  • Usually the best way to proceed for solving complicated problems
  • More effective with ill-defined problems
  • Usually ruled out by the sheer number of possible states within the problem space
  • Often the only plan available

Question 38

Question
Which of the following is NOT a procedure that makes analogy use more likely?
Answer
  • Participants are given two analogous problems, rather than just one, before the test problem
  • Participants are given financial bonuses for each one of the test problems they are able to solve
  • Participants are given several training problems and asked to compare the problems to one another
  • Participants are encouraged to work at understanding the solutions of the training problems so that they can explain the solutions later on

Question 39

Question
Two groups of participants are given sets of training problems to solve. One group of participants is told to try to understand the structure of the problem, while the other group is asked to try memorise the problem. They are later given test problems. Based on previous evidence, what results would you expect to see at testing?
Answer
  • The "memorise" group will be faster when solving the problems
  • The "memorise" group will solve problems
  • The "structure" group will solve more problems
  • The groups will solve the same number of problems

Question 40

Question
Melissa is a 35 year old woman. Over the next few decades, her intelligence will likely increase, while her ________ intelligence will likely decrease
Answer
  • crystallised; memory
  • crystallised; fluid
  • fluid; crystallised
  • reasoning ability; memory

Question 41

Question
The phase "memory without awareness" is another way of describing a pattern in which
Answer
  • explicit memory tests indicate that participants remember an event, but implicit memory tests indicate that they do not remember
  • implicit memory tests indicate that participants remember an event but explicit memory tests indicate that they do not remember
  • recognition tests indicate that participants remember an event, but recall tests indicate that they do not remember
  • direct memory testing indicates that participants remember an event, but indirect testing indicates that they do not remember

Question 42

Question
Lisa rides the train to work and always gets off at Stop A. One Saturday she has to into town, and she rides the same train she takes to work. She is supposed to get off at Stop F, but she starts talking to her mother on the phone and then gets off at Stop A. What does this tell us about unconscious processing?
Answer
  • Unconscious processing is impossible
  • Unconscious processing only causes problems
  • People tend to make the same mistakes over and over again
  • If not consciously attending to what we are doing, we will rely on habit

Question 43

Question
Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by practicing a task?
Answer
  • Only one routine needs to be launched instead of several steps in order to complete a task
  • Each step in the task no longer needs to be monitored to decide when to start the next step
  • The task can be completed without the need to pay attention, so that attention can be allocated elsewhere
  • Practice allows the mechanics behind the tasks to enter conscious awareness

Question 44

Question
Billy thinks he understands the information from the textbook very well; however, he fails the quiz on the same material. Billy's error results from a failure of
Answer
  • self-esteem
  • metacognition
  • false memories
  • a problem-solving set

Question 45

Question
If Sheila says "Pass the salt, please" you are likely to pass the salt. You'll probably respond in the same way if Sheila (a chemistry major) instead asks, "Could you please hand me the sodium chloride crystals?" This observation seems to indicate that our behaviour is
Answer
  • Primarily controlled by the physical characteristics of the stimuli we encounter
  • Shaped by the literal meanings of the stimuli we encounter
  • Determined by simple associations among the stimuli we encounter
  • Governed by what stimuli we encounter mean to us

Question 46

Question
Bert has sustained damage to part of his left temporal lobe, which is important for language production. What of the following problems would we expect to see if Bert were given a memory test?
Answer
  • He would not be able to memorise visual shapes
  • He would have difficulty rehearsing items with verbal labels
  • His working memory would be entirely non-existent
  • No working memory problems would be observed

Question 47

Question
Introspection, by definition, CANNOT be used to study:
Answer
  • Topics that are strongly coloured by emotion
  • Mental events that are unconscious
  • Processes that involve conceptual knowledge
  • Events that take a long time to unfold

Question 48

Question
Which of the following would a classical behaviourist be LEAST likely to study?
Answer
  • A participants response to a particular situation
  • A participants beliefs
  • Changes in a participants behaviour that follow changes in the environment
  • Principles that apply equally to human behaviour and to the behaviour of other species

Question 49

Question
Cognitive psychology often relies on the transcendental method in which
Answer
  • Mental events are explained by referring to events in the central nervous system
  • Information from introspection transcends behavioural data
  • Researchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events
  • Theories are tested via computer models

Question 50

Question
Which of the Gestalt principles states that we tend to perceive objects in groups?
Answer
  • Similarity
  • Proximity
  • Simplicity
  • Closure

Question 51

Question
Visual illusions often occur because
Answer
  • ones perception of the components of the stimulus are flawed
  • ones interpretation of the stimulus is incorrect
  • ones cognitive processes change when seeing an illusion
  • of obstructions in the image

Question 52

Question
Participants are shown the letter-string TPUM for 30 Ms and asked to identify what they saw. If they are going to answer incorrectly, which response are they most likely to give?
Answer
  • I did not see anything presented
  • OPUM
  • TRUM
  • TMPU

Question 53

Question
On one trial of an experiment, a participant is shown the sequence GQXT. On a different trial, the participant is shown the sequence PAFE. On the basis of prior research, we should expect that
Answer
  • PAFE will be easier to perceive than GWXT because detectors for PA and FE are likely to be well primed
  • the letter sequences will be equally difficult to perceive because neither is a word
  • participants will perceive more of the letters in GWXT because they are likely to confuse PAFE with PACE or SAFE
  • the letter sequences will be equally difficult to perceive because both contain regular bigram patterns

Question 54

Question
Biederman's recognition by components (RBC) model:
Answer
  • does not rely on a hierarchy of detectors
  • makes use of geon detectors, which in turn trigger detectors for geon assemblies
  • asserts that priming takes place primarily at levels higher than the level of geon detectors
  • can recognise three-dimensional objects provided they are seen from the appropriate viewing angle

Question 55

Question
McClelland and Rumelhart's model of word recognition suggests detectors on separate levels can interact in a bidirectional manner. Biological evidence _______________ this notion because __________________.
Answer
  • supports; visual processing is bidirectional
  • supports; there is parallel processing in the visual system
  • does not support; visual processing is an entirely bottom-up process
  • does not support; word recognition does not depend on visual processing

Question 56

Question
In dichotic listening experiments, some aspects of the unattended message seem to leak through and are heard despite the participants intention to ignore the message. Which of the following statements reflects what is LEAST likely to leak through in this fashion?
Answer
  • material that is easily distinguishable from the attended message in its semantic content
  • mention of the participants name
  • mention of a topic of personal importance to the participant
  • mention of a movie that the participant recently watched

Question 57

Question
Attention is limited in many ways. Which of the following statements is FALSE about attentional limits?
Answer
  • Attention is limited spatially
  • You can divide attention if the tasks are very similar
  • Attention cannot be divided among similar stimuli
  • Expectation can influence attention

Question 58

Question
Moore and Egeth (1997) asked participants to rate which of two lines was longer. Background dots were presented with the lines. On some trials, the dot pattern was a visual illusion, designed to manipulate the perceived length of the lines. Moore and Egeth found that
Answer
  • One can be influenced by events of which one is not conscious
  • One cannot have perception without consciousness
  • Attention and perception are necessary for consciousness
  • Attention requires perception

Question 59

Question
The evidence from unilateral neglect patients and patients with normal attentional abilities suggests that
Answer
  • Space-based attention is more important than object-based attention
  • Object-based attention is more important than space-based attention
  • Both space and object-based attention are important in attention
  • Attention is a perfect cognitive system

Question 60

Question
The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fast that
Answer
  • similar tasks will interfere with each other more than dissimilar tasks
  • if a task has been heavily practised, it is less likely to cause interference with other tasks
  • some brain lessons disrupt all tasks requiring attention
  • interference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks appear to have no elements in common

Question 61

Question
A participant is shown a series of stimuli and is asked to name the colour of the ink in which the stimuli are printed. The eighth stimulus happens to be printed in green ink. We should expect a relatively slow response if the stimulus happens to be
Answer
  • a series of green X's
  • the word RED printed in green
  • the participants name in green
  • the word GREEN printed in green

Question 62

Question
According to the modal model of memory, words presented early in a list are easier to remember than words presented later because
Answer
  • They are still residing in working memory at the time of the test
  • Participants are particularly alert at the beginning of the list presentation
  • The early words receive more of the participants attention than the later words
  • The early words suffer from interference than the later words

Question 63

Question
When thinking of a list of digits in terms of racing times, one person is found to report up to 79 digits. This suggests that this person
Answer
  • Has a larger working memory than most other participants
  • Is well practiced at memory retrieval
  • Can remember this information due to a unique chunking strategy
  • Does not show the primacy or recency effect

Question 64

Question
Which of the following exemplifies the memory effects of repeated exposure without intention to remember?
Answer
  • Irv is unable to describe the appearance of his wrist watch even though he has owned it for years and looks at it many times each day
  • Mary is unable to recall the name of her first-grade teacher
  • Tony is unable to remember his high school algebra even though he did well in his algebra courses
  • Samantha has managed, with some effort, to learn the names of all her classmates

Question 65

Question
Reading your notes, or the textbook over and over again is NOT recommended as a study strategy because
Answer
  • It is an elaborative way to learn information
  • It encourages deep processing
  • It is a passive form of learning
  • You should be using a highlighter to identify important material

Question 66

Question
A participant is trying to memorise theword “parade.” To help herself, she thinks about the word within a complicated sentence: “From their third-floor apartment, they had a great view of all the bands, the cowboys, and the floats in the Thanksgiving parade.” This learning strategy will produce
Answer
  • fine memory performance, but similar performance could be achieved with simpler sentences as long as they require the participant to think about the meaning of the word
  • poor memory performance because the complicated sentence draws attention away from the target word
  • excellent memory performance because the sentence involves a great deal of maintenance rehearsal
  • excellent memory performance because the strategy requires attention to meaning and provides many memory connections

Question 67

Question
In a peg-word system, participants help themselves memorise a group of items by
Answer
  • forming an elaborate sentence about each of the items to be remembered
  • associating each item with some part of an already memorised framework, or skeleton
  • naming the items to themselves over and over again
  • placing each item in its appropriate semantic category

Question 68

Question
Several researchers have compared brain activity during the learning process for words that were later remembered or forgotten. Which of the following is NOT consistent with their findings?
Answer
  • Increased activity in the hippocampus was associated with better retention
  • Increased activity in the prefrontal cortex was associated with better retention
  • Exposure to an item is enough for retention
  • Learning is an active process

Question 69

Question
A researcher hypothesises that high doses of caffeine can produce context-dependent learning. To confirm this hypothesis, the researcher would need to show that
Answer
  • participants learn more effectively if they drink several cups of coffee before studying the material to be learned
  • participants’ recall performance is improved if they are tested soon after drinking several cups of coffee
  • participants who drink a lot of coffee are, in general, likely to do better on memory tests
  • if participants study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee, they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test

Question 70

Question
Which of the following statements seems to be the best illustration of encoding specificity?
Answer
  • Susan is terrible at learning general arguments, although she is excellent at learning more specific claims
  • Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life
  • Susan easily learns material that is meaningful but cannot learn material that is abstract
  • Susan quickly masters new material if she knows some related information, but she has trouble learning new material if the domain is new to her

Question 71

Question
When a person experiences familiarity but no accompanying source memory, the effect can be far-reaching but is unlikely to include
Answer
  • the person believing that a familiar statement is true, even though he or she cannot remember where he or she heard it
  • the person inaccurately accusing someone of a crime, merely because that person seems familiar
  • the person’s preferences changing in favor of the familiar information
  • explicit recollection of a person’s name or profession

Question 72

Question
Which of the following statements is NOT likely to be an influence of implicit memory?
Answer
  • Participants know they have encountered the stimulus recently but cannot recall the details of the encounter
  • Participants have a preference for a familiar stimulus in comparison to other, new stimuli
  • Participants think a false, made-up phrase that they have heard recently is true
  • Participants remember the circumstances in which they first encountered a stimulus

Question 73

Question
Cindy and Linda are both eyewitnesses to a bank robbery. At the police station, they each select Mike from a police lineup and say, “He’s the thief!” It turns out, though, that Mike has been a customer at the store at which Cindy works while Linda has never before seen Mike. With this background
Answer
  • Cindy’s identification is more valuable to the police because she has an advantage of familiarity and context
  • both identifications are likely to be accurate because face recognition draws on specialised mechanisms that work effectively with both familiar and unfamiliar faces
  • Cindy’s identification is more valuable to the police because her recognition of Mike will be more fluent than Linda’s, thanks to the previous encounters
  • Linda’s identification is more valuable to the police because Cindy may have been misled by the fact that Mike seemed familiar because of her other encounters with him

Question 74

Question
The famous patient H.M. was unable to remember events he experienced after his brain surgery because of
Answer
  • repression
  • anterograde amnesia
  • retrograde amnesia
  • infantile amnesia

Question 75

Question
Theodore has suffered from Korsakoff’s amnesia for the last decade. Theodore is LEAST likely to do which of the following actions?
Answer
  • accurately recall events from early childhood
  • hold a coherent conversation lasting many minutes
  • recall events that occurred last month
  • recognise people he met 18 years ago

Question 76

Question
An important theme emerging from memory research is that memory connections:
Answer
  • are crucial for recognition but are less important for recall
  • can improve our memory accuracy
  • make memories easier to locate but can lead to intrusion errors
  • play a role in implicit memory but not in generic memory

Question 77

Question
When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g., “bed,” “rest,” “slumber,” “dream,” “tired”), participants often (mis)recall the theme word to be part of the list (e.g., “sleep”). This procedure is commonly referred to as the:
Answer
  • Disclusion–Recall–Memory procedure
  • Decreased-Remembering-Magnitude procedure
  • Deese–Roediger–McDermott procedure
  • Daily-Reconstructing-Mnemonics procedure

Question 78

Question
Participants viewed a series of slides depicting a car accident. Immediately afterward, half of the participants were asked, “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” The other participants were asked, “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” One week later, all participants were asked more questions about the slides, including whether they had seen any broken glass in the slides. A comparison of the two groups of participants is likely to show that
Answer
  • participants who were asked the “smashed” question gave higher estimates of speed and were more likely to remember seeing broken glass
  • the groups gave similar estimates of speed, but the “smashed” group was more likely to remember seeing broken glass
  • participants who were asked the “smashed” question gave higher estimates of speed, but the groups gave similar responses to the “broken glass” question
  • the minor contrast in how the groups were questioned had no effect on participants’ memories

Question 79

Question
Someone versed in memory research could plant false memories in his or her friends or family. Imagine you want to perform such an (unethical) act. Which technique is LEAST likely to be effective in planting the false memories?
Answer
  • repeating the false suggestion several times
  • giving electrical shocks
  • using a plausible false event
  • asking the individual to imagine the event

Question 80

Question
Which of the following claims about memory accuracy is FALSE?
Answer
  • Participants’ confidence in their false memories is often just as great as their confidence in their accurate recollections
  • Children may be even more vulnerable to the “planting” of false memories than adults.
  • When a participant’s response is based on a false memory, the response is likely to be given just as quickly as it would be if based on an accurate memory
  • Participants are sometimes mistaken in their recollection of an event’s minor details, but do not create an entirely new false memory

Question 81

Question
You should be skeptical of “recovered” memories that were repressed because
Answer
  • many painful events are well remembered
  • retrieval failure may explain “recovered memories”
  • if the memory was important enough to be repressed, it would be a flashbulb memory and be robust to decay
  • some recovered memories turn out to be false memories suggested by therapists

Question 82

Question
The effect that time has on forgetting is not monotonic. Forgetting is ________ over the first few minutes and hours and then ________ over subsequent decades.
Answer
  • slow; fast
  • fast; very fast
  • slow; very slow
  • fast; slow

Question 83

Question
The claim that mental categories have graded membership is the claim that
Answer
  • one cannot specify precisely whether a test case is in the category
  • some category members are better suited than others as category members
  • a participant’s belief about a category’s membership shifts as the participant learns more about the category
  • many category members approach the ideal for that category

Question 84

Question
According to exemplar theory, typicality effects
Answer
  • are difficult to explain
  • reflect the fact that typical category members are probably frequent in our environment and are therefore frequently represented in memory
  • are produced by the fact that the exemplars in memory for each category tend to resemble each other
  • should be observed with categories having homogeneous membership but not with more variable categories

Question 85

Question
It is possible for a test case to be thought of as typical of a category, despite not being a member of that category. Which of the following examples is consistent with this idea?
Answer
  • Whales are more typical of fish than sea lampreys
  • A squashed lemon that has been painted purple is more typical of fruit than an apple
  • Poodles are more typical of dogs than golden retrievers
  • Abraham Lincoln is a typical American president

Question 86

Question
In one procedure, participants were asked to judge which was a “better” even number, 4 or 18. The participants
Answer
  • were unable to perform this task
  • offered judgments that show that well-defined categories do not show the graded-membership pattern
  • regarded all of the even numbers as being “equivalently even”
  • made the judgment in a fashion that implied a graded-membership pattern for the category “even number”

Question 87

Question
A mutilated lemon will still be categorised as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorised as money. What does this say about categorisation?
Answer
  • Psychologists will never understand categorisation
  • Category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone
  • Category membership is based on previously encountered examples
  • Prototype theory is the most accurate theory of categorisation

Question 88

Question
One study found that if participants were told a new fact about robins, they would also believe that the new fact was true of ducks. However, if told a new fact about ducks, participants would not extrapolate this information to robins. This suggests that
Answer
  • participants treat each category member independently (on a case-by-case basis) when applying new beliefs
  • participants are willing to apply inferences from a typical case within a category to the whole category but will not apply inferences from an atypical case to the whole category
  • new knowledge about a member of a category is unstable, leading to a change in a person’s belief system only on rare occasions
  • beliefs within a theory are less likely to affect typical category members than atypical ones

Question 89

Question
According to a Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model, how is the fact “Neil Armstrong was an astronaut” represented in the mind?
Answer
  • Neurons that represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut are connected via a synaptic junction
  • Nodes representing Neil Armstrong and astronaut are in close proximity to one another
  • A pattern of connections among many nodes represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut separately, and through learning, these patterns begin to co-occur
  • A single node representing Neil Armstrong is connected via a proposition to the word “astronaut”

Question 90

Question
In some studies, participants have been asked to visualise a particular stimulus (e.g., the letter A). If the same stimulus is then presented at low contrast, visualisation:
Answer
  • has no effect on the perception of the stimulus
  • primes perception, but no more than when participants were asked to visualise a different letter (e.g., the letter B)
  • disrupts perception of the stimulus
  • serves to prime perception of the stimulus

Question 91

Question
The technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation employs strong magnetic pulses at a particular site on the scalp. When it is used on the scalp near Area V1, the effect is
Answer
  • to give the participant rich and detailed hallucinations
  • a temporary disruption of vision but not visual imagery
  • a permanent disruption of visual imagery, and therefore use of the technique is unethical
  • a temporary disruption of vision and visual imagery

Question 92

Question
Participants are asked to perform an imagery task while simultaneously keeping track of a visual target (a light that varies in brightness). The visual task will
Answer
  • disrupt the imagery task
  • have no effect on the imagery task
  • disrupt the imagery task if it requires visual imagery but not if the task can be done with spatial imagery
  • cause the images to be less vivid but will have no other effects

Question 93

Question
If you are asked to imagine a three-dimensional cube, like a Necker cube, which is ambiguous with respect to depth, your mental image will be
Answer
  • based on one configuration or the other
  • able to be viewed from several angles, just as the picture would be
  • indeterminate with regard to depth
  • static and incapable of being altered

Question 94

Question
“Image file” refers to
Answer
  • the information that can be derived from a close inspection of a mental image
  • the portion of long-term storage that contains all of one’s knowledge about visual appearances
  • the memory representation of a basic element of visual appearance, such as the representation for “red” or “circular”
  • descriptive information in long-term memory used as the basis for creating an active image

Question 95

Question
The concept of boundary extension illustrates that
Answer
  • people understand a picture by means of a perceptual schema
  • schemas influence memory for images, but not as much as they influence memory for verbal information
  • people remember pictures in a “zoomed-in” manner
  • semantic knowledge has no influence on memory for images

Question 96

Question
An employer interviews a job candidate for 15 minutes. On the basis of this, the employer decides that the candidate will perform well in the job, so he hires her. This is a case of a
Answer
  • sound decision because the employer is making use of available information
  • sound decision because the employer is employing base rates
  • potential error because the employer is assuming that a small sample of information (the interview) is representative of a broader pattern (job performance)
  • potential error because the employer is relying on schema-based reasoning rather than on deduction

Question 97

Question
Participants are told that Flower A has a disease and are asked how likely it is that all flowers will have the same disease. Which of these is LEAST likely to affect the participant’s opinion?
Answer
  • whether the participant is an expert of flowers
  • whether Flower A is a typical flower
  • whether Flower A had been mentioned recently and so has been primed
  • a participant’s causal belief in how the disease infected Flower A

Question 98

Question
Reisberg suggests that illusory covariations arise from the fact that participants: A. base their covariation estimates only on a small sample of the data that are available to them
Answer
  • base their covariation estimates only on a small sample of the data that are available to them
  • are generally dogmatic and make their judgments with little regard for the data
  • do not know how to compute covariation, so they use an estimation strategy that is little better than guessing
  • do not know how to make these judgments, so performance improves once the participant gains some expertise

Question 99

Question
The law of large numbers implies that larger samples of data are less likely to show accidental patterns; therefore, larger samples are generally more informative. In making judgments about evidence, participants:
Answer
  • seem to understand and respect this law
  • ignore this law even though they do follow other principles of statistics
  • follow this law only if they have been trained in statistics
  • ignore this law in some situations but respect it in other situations

Question 100

Question
Background knowledge can lead to mistakes, but it can also provide a benefit if:
Answer
  • the person is aware of heuristics
  • the knowledge is about how the parts of the problem are related
  • the person is very confident in his or her knowledge
  • it contains descriptive information

Question 101

Question
Belief perseverance is one of the phenomena used to demonstrate:
Answer
  • normative thinking
  • confirmation bias
  • rigid thinking
  • nonselective memory search

Question 102

Question
A rooster thinks it causes the sun to rise, because every morning the rooster crows and then the sun rises. This story illustrates which important point about reasoning?
Answer
  • Roosters do not have the reasoning skills humans do, because humans would never make this type of reasoning mistake
  • Sometimes there is no way to disprove something
  • A belief can be confirmed hundreds of times, but still be false.
  • It is more important to confirm a theory than disconfirm it.

Question 103

Question
Which of the following is NOT a benefit received from using a means-end analysis to solve a problem?
Answer
  • It highlights the differences between the current state and the goal state
  • It often leads a person to break a problem into subproblems
  • It provides guidelines for what a person should do to solve the problem
  • It encourages the person to move away from the goal initially, so as to get to the goal faster

Question 104

Question
If you are trying to help a friend use analogies in problem solving, which piece of advice should you NOT give?
Answer
  • Attend to the deep structure of the problem
  • Try to see the mapping between problems you already know and test problems
  • Memorise as many problems as you can
  • Search your memory for content related to the deep structure of the problem, not surface details

Question 105

Question
Which of the following statements about creative people is most correct?
Answer
  • Creative people are fundamentally different from other people
  • Creative people have a cognitive architecture that is unlike the architecture for less creative people
  • Creative people typically rely on the same strategies and processes as less creative people
  • Creativity is typically associated with superior visual memory

Question 106

Question
In some procedures, participants are helped by an interruption during their attempts at solving a problem. In explaining this effect, which of the following hypotheses seems LEAST plausible in light of the available evidence?
Answer
  • The interruption provides an opportunity for participants to gather further information about the problem
  • The interruption provides an opportunity for frustration or fatigue to dissipate
  • The interruption allows participants to forget their earlier approaches to the problem, thus enabling a fresh start
  • The interruption allows an opportunity for unconscious problem solving to occur

Question 107

Question
Some psychologists describe problem-solving as a process of searching. Which of the following is NOT part of this description?
Answer
  • the problem’s initial state
  • the problem’s path conflicts
  • the problem’s goal state
  • the problem’s operators

Question 108

Question
According to the scoring procedure originally used by Binet, a child who scores at age 10 when he or she is only 8 would have an IQ of
Answer
  • 100
  • 125
  • 150
  • 200

Question 109

Question
Mark scored very well on a verbal intelligence test. How is he likely to score on a visuospatial test of intelligence?
Answer
  • He will score below average on the visuospatial test
  • He will score above average on the visuospatial test
  • One cannot assume how he will score because there is no correlation between general and specialised intelligence
  • He will score similarly if he takes the test today, but his score will be very different if he takes the test in a few months

Question 110

Question
Dr. Smarts is giving a test to a few students in his class. The test is very simple: he presents two objects and asks the students to reply as quickly as possible if they match (yes or no). Student 1 replies faster than student 2. What does this indicate about the students’ intelligence levels?
Answer
  • Student 2 is more intelligent than student 1
  • Student 1 is more intelligent than student 2
  • Both students are likely to have above average intelligence
  • Reaction time on this task is not correlated with intelligence

Question 111

Question
Which of the following is NOT an example of the principle, “We are aware of products but not of processes”?
Answer
  • Jeff knew that the stimulus seemed familiar, but he did not know why
  • Jesse believed that the stimulus was “cake,” but he could not tell whether he had seen the stimulus or just inferred it
  • Jeremy suddenly found himself thinking about marriage, and he could not figure out what had brought this idea into his thoughts
  • Jacob wanted to do well on the spelling test, but he did not know the best way to study the words

Question 112

Question
When asked to introspect about their reasons for making a particular choice, participants
Answer
  • sometimes offer an explanation with great confidence even though the explanation names factors that they know to be irrelevant and leaves out factors that they know to be crucial
  • can usually specify their reasons and can also report on the processes used for selecting the reasons
  • often have no idea about their reasons, but if they are able to report their reasons, they are likely to be correct
  • report their reasons in general terms but do so with little confidence

Question 113

Question
Our thoughts seem to be embedded in a context that is usually not noticed yet serves to define and guide the thoughts. Which of the following is NOT an example of this sort of context?
Answer
  • Discovery based on mental imagery is influenced by the perceptual reference frame for the image
  • Decisions are guided by how the decision is framed
  • The meaning of the terms involved in our thoughts is clarified by the surrounding context of thought
  • Perception of a word or object is strongly shaped by the other words and objects that surround the target

Question 114

Question
Which of these is NOT an example of causal attribution in unconscious thinking?
Answer
  • Jenny believes she remembers the colour of her last birthday cake
  • Louise finds a name familiar so she believes it belongs to a famous person
  • Abby remembers the face of a man so she believes the man was part of a robbery
  • In an experiment, Jane is willing to experience a higher intensity of electric shock as she believes any adverse reactions are the side effects of a pill that she took prior to the experiment.

Question 115

Question
Patients who have experienced damage to the striate cortex sometimes show a phenomenon known as blind sight. In this case, most patients
Answer
  • can consciously see where an object is but cannot identify it
  • can consciously report the identity of an object but not where it is located
  • are blind yet incorrectly report that they can see the identity and location of an object
  • often guess correctly in response to what they have seen or where an object is located even though they report that they cannot see it

Question 116

Question
Which of these is the best example of an action slip?
Answer
  • Darren was distracted and so took his usual route home from work instead of turning left at the traffic light to go to his friend’s house, as he had intended
  • David mistakenly pushed over a vase of flowers when he was reaching for his keys
  • Daniel did not check the address of his dentist, as he mistakenly believed he remembered it correctly
  • Derek reread the paragraph to make sure that he fully understood its content, even though he did not learn anything new from this second reading

Question 117

Question
Describe the mental activities that are included in cognitive psychology
Answer
  • Perception, Attention, Memory, Concepts, Language, Visual Knowledge, Judgement/Decisions, Reasoning/Problem-Solving
  • Perception, Attention, Focus, Concentration, Language, Knowledge, Reasoning

Question 118

Question
The field of introspect was founded by
Answer
  • Wilhem Wundt and Edward Titchner
  • Josh B. Watson
  • Immanuel Kant

Question 119

Question
The field of behaviourism was founded by
Answer
  • John B. Watson
  • Wilhelm Wundt

Question 120

Question
What is the process of Immanual Kant's Cognitive Resolution?
Answer
  • Input (cause), Output (effect)
  • Output (cause), Input (effect)
  • Input (effect), Output (Cause)
  • Output (effect), Input (cause)
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