Cells and Tissues

What is the building block of living thing? 

Chapter 3 review 

Cells.

What is the headquarter of the cell? 

Nucleus. 

What is the general material of the nucleus? 

DNA. 

What is the abbreviation of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid. 

What does DNA hold? 

instructions for building the body.

What is the DNA function? 

Building interactions for proteins and cell reproduction.

What are the 3 instructions of the nucleus? 

 1. Nuclear membrane2. Nucleoli  3. Chromatin  

What surrounds the nucleus? 

Nuclear membrane. 

What penetrates through the fusion region of the nuclear membrane? 

Nuclear pores. 

How many membranes are there in the nuclear membrane? 

x2.

What does the nucleus contain? 

nucleoli.

What does the nucleoli contain? 

Sites where ribosomes are assembled. 

What is chromatin? 

Combination of DNA with protein when not used. 

What is chromosomes? 

Combination of chromatins during cell reproduction. 

What is the plasma membrane? 

Barrier for the cell.

What is the role of the plasma membrane? 

It regulates what enters and exits the cell. 

What is the structure of the plasma membrane? 

Fluid mosaic model. 

What does the fluid mosaic model contain? 

Phospholipid bilayer.

What are the 2 phospholipid bilayers?

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic. 

What are the proteins in the lipid bilayer responsible for? 

Completing plasma membrane functions. 

What is the role of the proteins? 

Receptors for hormones or chemical messengers. 

What are the two functions of proteins in the membrane? 

1. Provides channels for water soluble.2. Carrier to move substances through the membrane. 

What are the functions of glycoproteins? 

1. Determine your blood type.. 2. Act as a receptor to carry bacteria, virus and toxins. 3. Play a role cell to cell recognition and inter reactions with other cells. 

How many junctions in the membrane? 

x3.

What are the 3 junctions? 

1. Tight junction. 2. Desmosomes. 3. Gap junctions. 

What are tight junctions? 

Bind cells together. 

What is the role of the tight junction? 

To prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells. 

What are desmosomes? 

Anchoring junctions scattered along the sides of abducting cells. 

What is the role of Desmosomes?

Prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart. 

What is gap junctions?

Allows communication and is seen mainly in the heart. 

What is the role of gap junctions?

Provide communication with other cells due to a gap between 2 membranes. 

What are the 3 main regions of the cell? 

1. Nucleus. 2 Plasma membrane.3. Cytoplasm.  

What is the purpose of microvilli? 

Increases the surface area for absorption. 

Where is the microvilli? 

Intestines and urine tract. 

Where is the cytoplasm found?

in-between plasma membrane and the nucleus membrane. 

What are the 3 structures of the cytoplasm? 

1. Cytosol. 2. Organelles. 3. Inclusions. 

What is the function of the cytosol? 

Fluid that suspends the organelles. 

What are the functions of organelles? 

Machinery for the cells. 

What is the function of inclusions? 

Non-functioning units. 

Where is the ribosomes produced? 

Nucleoli. 

How does the ribosomes leave the nucleoli? 

Nucelar paws. 

What is the ribosome made up of?

Protein and RNA. 

What are the 2 locations ribosomes are found?

1. Rough ER.2. Free in the cytosol. 

What is the function of Ribosomes? 

Producing protein using DNA structure. 

How many types of ER are there?

1. Rough ER. 2. Smooth ER. 

What is the function of ER?

Carry substances throughout the cell. 

What is the differences between smooth ER and rough ER?

Rough contains ribosomes.

What is the function of the rough ER?

Sites where building material are formed.

What is the function of smooth ER?

Production of cholesterol, break down of fats and drugs.

What is the function of the golgi? 

Packaging of proteins. 

What are the 3 types of packaging? 

1. Secretory vesicles. 2. Cell membrane components. 3. Lysosomes. 

What is the function of lysosomes? 

Digestion of unused material in the cell. 

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Breakdown of highly reactive chemicals. 

What is the purpose of the mitochondria? 

Power house of the cell. e.g. ATP.

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Framework of the cell. 

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

Protein network through cytoplasm. 

What is the function of centrioles? 

Provides movement for the cell. 

What are centrioles made up of?

Microtubules.

What are 2 types of transport? 

1. Passive. 2. Active transport. 

What are the difference between passive and active?

Passive does not require energy as active requires energy. 

What is the intercellular fluid made up of?

Chromatin and cytosol. 

What is the interstitial fluid? 

Fluid on the outside of the cell. 

What is diffusion? 

Movement of high concentration to low concentration.

What are the 3 diffusions?

1. Simple2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated 

What is simple diffusion?

Unassisted diffusion e.g. small ions pass the membrane paws. 

What is osmosis diffusion? 

Diffusion of water. 

What is facilitated diffusion?

Substance that require protein carriers.

What are common types of active transport? 

1. Bulk2. Solute pump 

What is solute pump active transport? 

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient. E..g sugar. 

What is bulk active transport? 

Movement of large materials in and out of the cell.

What are 2 types of bulk transport?

1. Exocytosis 2. Endocytosis

What is Exocytosis?

Movement of material outside the cell using vessels. 

What is endocytosis?

Substances that are enclosed in a membrane vesicle. 

What are 2 major cell periods? 

1. Cell division 2. Intervase 

What is mitosis? 

Division of the nucleus.

What is cytoskeleton?

Division of cytoplasm. 

What happens during interphase?

Normal cell function and cell growth. 

What happens in prophase?

First part of cell division. 

What happens during metaphase? 

Chromosomes align in the centre of the cell. 

What happens during anaphase?

Daughter chromosomes are produced.

What happens during telophase? 

Daughter nuclei is formed. 

What is genes? 

DNA building of protein. 

What is the purpose of RNA?

Responsible for protein production. 

What are tissues? 

Groups of cells with simile structure and function. 

What are 4 types of primary tissues?

1. Epithelium2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscle

Where are epithelium tissues found?

1. Body coverings 2. Body linings 3. Glandular tissues 

What are the functions of the epithelium tissues? 

1. Protection 2. Absorption 3. Filtration4. Secretion

What are the characteristics of the epithelium tissue?

1. Tissue layer has 1 free surface 2. Lower surface layer is bound by a basement membrane 3. Avascular (has no blood supply)

What is simple squamous?

A single layer of flat cells that forms membranes along the body cavities, lungs and capillaries. 

What is simple cuboidal?

A cube cell shape that is common in the glands and ducts. It forms walls of kidney tubules and covers the ovaries. 

What is simple columnar?

Tall layer cells that produces mucus (goblet cells) and lines digestive tracts. 

What is pseudostratifed? 

Single layer cells that are for absorption and secretion. It ciliated in the respiratory tract. 

What is stratified squamous?

Free edge cells that are used for protection covering located in the skin, mouth and oesophagus. 

What is transitional epithelium? 

Lines in organs of the urinary system. 

What is the gland epithelium? 

One or more cells that secrete a particular product. 

What are 2 major gland types?

1. Endocrine glands 2. Exocrine glands 

What is the function of the endocrine gland?

Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface that includes sweats and oil glands. 

What is the function of the exocrine gland?

Binds body surfaces together that supports the body and provides protection. 

What are the characteristics of the connective tissue?

It variations in blood supply. Some have poor bloody supply and some are well vascularised. 

What is extracellular matrix? 

Non living material that surrounds living cells. 

What are connective tissues?

It is one of the 4 classes of fibrous tissues. 1. Epithelial2. Muscle 3. Nervous 

What is the connective tissue made up of?

1. Cells2. Fibres 3. Extracellular matrix 

What physical structures make up the connective tissue?

1. Tendons 2. Blood3. Cartilage 4. Bones5. Adipose tissue 6. Lymphatic tissue 

What is the main protein of connective tissues?

Collagen which is made up of white fibres. 

What are the 3 types of fibrous tissues?

1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular 

What is the osseous tissue composed of?

Bone cells in cavities and hard matrix calcium salts. 

What is the function of osseous tissue?

Protects and supports the body. 

What is hyaline cartilage composed of?

Abundant collagen fibres with a rubbery matrix. 

What is the function of hyaline? 

1. reduces friction at joints2. supports bronchial and tracheal tubes3. acts as a shock absorber between vertebrae. 4. maintains the shape and the flexibility of fleshy appendages

What is elastic cartilage? 

Provides elasticity. 

What is the function of elastic cartilage? 

Great flexibility so that it is able to withstand repeated bending. 

What is fibrocartilage? 

Consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions. It owes its flexibility and toughness.

What is the dense connective tissue?

Forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints.

What is the muscle tissue function? 

Produce movement. 

What are 3 types of muscle tissue?

1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth

What is the function of the skeletal tissue? 

Cells attach to connective tissues and has more then 1 nucleus. 

Where is the cardiac muscle found?

Only in the heart. 

What is the function of the cardiac muscle?

To pump blood.

What is smooth muscle? 

Involuntarily muscles. 

What is the function of sooth muscles? 

Surrounds hallow organs and attaches to other smooth muscle cells. 

What is tissue repair consist of?

1. Regeneration 2. Fibrosis 3. Determination of method 

What is regeneration? 

Replacement of destroyed tissues by the same cells.

What is fibrosis?

Repair of dense fibrosis connective tissues. 

What is determination of method?

Type of tissue managed and severity of the injury. 

What are the events in tissue repair? 

1. Capillaries become permeable 2. Introduce clotting proteins 3. Formation of granulation tissue 

What are regeneration of tissues?

1. Tissues regenerate easily e.g. Epithelial, fibrous and bone. 2. Tissues regenerate properly e.g. Skeletal 3. Tissues are replaced largely e.g. Cardiac/Nervous