OCR B Geography CGP Book Section Four questions

1) What is urbanisation?Urbanisation is when the percentage of a population living in cities increases.2) How does the rate of urbanisation differ between MEDCs and LEDCs?In LEDCs, the rate is more rapid and in MEDCs most people already live in urban areas.3) What is rural-urban migration?Rural-urban migration is when people move from rural areas to urban areas.4) Give two push factors and two pull factors that help explain why rural-urban migration happens.Push: Little job opportunities Low income Pull: More education opportunities More job opportunities 5) Explain what a squatter settlement is.A squatter settlement is a settlement built illegally on unused land around a city when there is not enough affordable housing for the growing population.6) List two consequences of urbanisation in rural areas.Often left with an ageing population which struggle to look after themselves and businesses shut down when there are not enough people to keep them running.7) Describe two ways in which governments try to manage the problems of urbanisation.Governments provide grants and benefits to businesses if they move to a rural area and building more housing in cities to cope with the increasing population.8) a) Give an example of a country you have studied where urbanisation is taking place.Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.b) Give two push factors that cause urbanisation in that country. Lack of job opportunities Lack of income in rural areas c) Give two pull factors that cause urbanisation in that country. The 'bright lights effect' More opportunities for income in urban areas 9) What is counter-urbanisation?Counter-urbanisation is when people move out of cities into rural areas.10) Give three impacts of counter-urbanisation in rural areas. Increasing demand causes housing prices to rises People who still work in urban areas and travel there often leave empty commuter villages People may not look after the environment well 11) How do governments try to manage the impacts of counter-urbanisation? Only letting people who work locally buy houses in rural areas Giving grants to services such as public transport in order to cope with the increasing population Redeveloping urban areas to be more appealing to live in 12) Name the four main parts of a city. Central Business District (CBD) Inner city Suburbs Rural-urban fringe 13) Which of the four parts of the city is furthest from the centre?The rural-urban fringe.14) Which part of a city mainly has medium-class housing.The suburbs.15) Describe the social, economic and cultural factors that have led to business parks and high-class housing being built in the rural-urban fringe. Low-cost land Land is very big, allowing for large retail parks and establishments Still close enough for those living in suburbs and the inner city to commute to Has transport links 16) List one social, one economic and one environmental need the population of a growing city may have. Housing needs to be of differing prices so people of all classes can live there Transport links are needed Proper waste disposal to prevent pollution 17) What does sustainable mean?Planning things like town layouts and the design of houses to make them as economically, socially and environmentally efficient as possible without compromising future generations.18) Describe two types of sustainable urban development. Use of renewable energy - This will reduce the amount of pollution of greenhouse gases. Efficient building designs - Buildings designed to produce very little waste and need very little energy. 19) a) Name a city you have studied that is undergoing development.Freiburg, Germany.b) Give one economic and one social aim of the development. Newer houses are built to use very little energy and provide their own energy through the use of things like solar panels, saving money. All residential areas are close to transport links and green spaces c) Describe how sustainable the development project is.Freiburg, though somewhat beaten in sustainability by more recent developments, such as the Greenwich Millennium village, is very sustainable through not only its physical town planning and building designs but through its philosophies. The use of cars is kept to a minimum, use of public transport and walking is encouraged, the city is laid out so that all residents are close to transport links and green spaces, some houses are designed very economically using as little energy as possible and the city aims to switch entirely to renewable energy by the year 2050.20) What are low order goods?Goods such as daily foods which people usually get locally for convenience and don't typically compare the prices on with other shops.21) What is the threshold population for a shop?The minimum amount of people that can sustain the shop so it can stay profitable. For a small shop, very little.22) Describe the goods sold, threshold population, sphere of influence and accessibility for shops ins the following areas:a) CBD:High-order/comparison goods which people will travel far to buy and buy rarely. A high threshold since land is so expensive to rent in the CBD. A typically large sphere of influence because not only are residents of the city in the sphere of influence but so are people living close elsewhere around it, increased by convenient transport links. Shops are easy to get to because of main roads connecting to the CBD and transport links.b) Rural-urban fringe:Low-order/convenience goods which local people will travel to to buy daily goods. Fairly low threshold since land is very cheap. A small sphere of influence because unless it is part of large out-of-town shopping centres which can attract millions of people. Very inaccessible due to little transport links.23) What are the two main factors that have changed the way we shop in the UK in the last 100 years? The increase in internet shopping has meant many smaller shops unable to keep up to shut down all while e-tailing increases for all types of goods, whether high or low. Many large chains now use mobile apps to keep up with the increase in internet shopping, allowing customers to order goods to be directly delivered to their homes via the internet. 24) Describe how retail services in a named area have changed and what effects this has had on the surrounding area.Sheffield, England.Sheffield was originally a brownfield industrial site which was then bought and built into a very large shopping centre with a sphere of influence of over 10 million people. However, the development has meant more pollution and waste being produced and dumped into surrounding areas. Additionally, the increase of congestion has meant a lot of noise pollution and strain on local smaller settlements which were quieter before the building of the shopping centre.On the other hand, the increase of people in the area also means an increase in revenue for local business outside of the shopping centre in addition to an increase in the local economy thanks to the shopping centre. More jobs are also generated, providing employment for locals.