Chapter 9 Notes

Rome: Geography and Natural Resources-Marble, tufa, clay -Forests-Wild animalsRomans: Origins -Livy and Dionysius-Traditions -Aeneas -Romulus and Remus Religion -Spirits everywhere-Originally household, eventually publicEtruscan Writing-Romans didn’t preserve literature-Most writing is in tomb inscriptions-Looks similar to Greek alphabet(Etruscans migrated from Lydia and settled into Italy) (Some other people were like native to this area, but some migrated)Culture-Most information comes from necropolis-Metallurgy (made bronze)-Warfare-Chariot races, gladiatorial events-Religion (anthropomorphic gods)-Pottery Women-Literate-Adornment important-Women in public-Participated in leisure activitiesFirst Kings of RomeRomulus-Basic unit was gens, Romulus organized groups called curiae that met in assembly called comitia curiata-Also established senate: 100 nobles or patricians who gave king advice-Plebs were excluded from comitia curiataNuma-Established religious in situations-Revised calendarEtruscan kings (Tarquins)-Fasces symbolize absolute power of king-Cioaca Maximas (great sewer)Servius Tullius-Expanded Curiae to include plebs-Comitia Centuriata was made up of people ranked by property -It replaced comitia curiata as citizen assembly-Timocracy- poor people had less influence than wealthy Tarquin the Proud -Most repressive king-Led the Romans over throwing Etruscan monarchy and established republic Roman Republic-509 B.C. overthrow Etruscans-Law of 12 Tablets-Lex Canuleia- law the plebs can marry patricians Consuls-Had imperium-Elected by Comitia Curiata for 1 year term-Could appoint a dictator in time of crisisSenate-Originally only patricians -Served for life (unless kicked out for bad conduct)-Controlled state treasury and collected taxes-Ratified treaties and alliancesAssemblies-Comitia Curiata-Comitia Centuriata-Concilium plebis originally only binding on plebs -Hortensian law makes laws binding on all citizens -Comitia Tributa plebis included all free citizens of RomeTribunes -Leaders of plebs-Sacrosanct-Houses were considered sanctuaries-Had the right to veto any official act passed by consuls or SenateQuaestors-Investigated murder cases-Assistants to consulsPraetors-Acted as a judge-In emergencies, assumed command of the armyAediles-Arranged public games-Supervised grain supplyCensors-Assigned citizens to gentes, curiae, and centuries-Could appoint and remove senators Expansion in Italy-Rome conquered Etruscan city Veii-Gauls invade Italy, besiege and sack Rome-Gauls withdrew and settled in northern Italy-Romans rebuilt their city, then began taking over Italy-Eventually had control over central Italy-Created a confederation in which allies had varying degrees of privileges-Some given full Roman citizenship -Others defended borders in return for Roman aid-Bound to Rome, not to each other-Kept peace-Granted Roman citizenship and trading privileges -Allies benefitted from Roman Roads-Did not demand tributeRevision of Constitution-After Gallic Invasion, Rome had economic crisis-Plebs lost farms and were indebted to patricians -Plebs were allowed to colonize territory in conquered areas-Established Roman presence-Wealthy plebs wanted political representation-Enacted Lucian Law, which said one consul must be a plebExpansion South-Samnites united with Etruscans and Gauls against Rome, but were defeated-Were then considered dominant power in Italy-Pyrrhic wars, Pyrrhus king of epirus, defeated Romans using elephants and macedonian phalanx -Pyrrhic victory- means victory offset by incredible loss-Pyrrhus tried to get support from North, but cities stayed loyal to Rome-Rome eventually defeated Pyrrhus getting Magna GraeciaCauses of Punic Wars-Interest in controlling trade in the Mediterranean Sea-Carthage’s fear of RomeEvents leading up to the Punic Wars-Italian mercenary soldiers (Mamertines) seize Messina-Set up piracy there-King of Syracuse tries to evict them-Ask Carthage and Rome for help-Carthage and Rome are essentially fighting each otherFirst Punic War-262 BC-Most of the fighting takes place in Sicily-Rome captures carthaginian ship to use as a model-Xanthippus defeats Rome in Africa, forcing them back to ItalyEnd of 1st Punic War-Carthaginian general - Hamilcar Barca-Rome won naval battle near Africa-Carthaginians left Sicily and surrounding islands, pay indemnity-Pyrrhic victorySicily -Not required to supply troops-Instead pay annual tithe to RomeNotes on Video-munity - the soldiers besiege Carthage-Rome says they only fight wars so will use an excuse and justify every war they fight. Saying it is only defensive wars -Hamilcar goes to Spain (had good wealth and manpower)(lost a lot of troops and money) wants revenge on Rome-He threatened the people in Spain (he just wanted troops)-Hamilcar was father of Hannibal -Saw Hamilcar in Hannibal Hannibal-Lives same lifestyle as men-Not a king-First into battle and last out -Fights alongside of them-Roman plan is to have one consul takes army to Hannibal (Spain)-Another is going to fight Carthage (destroy)-Crosses the alps with his elephants (lose half of troops and elephants)More notes on video-Consuls get glory for winning war-Hoping to get other allies to join Hannibal so Rome would have to surrender after only having their troops -Carthaginians were trained, Romans were just civilians -Battle of Trebia - Hannibal has them move and they kinda surround them -⅔ of the army was defeated-Many of them (Romans) drown during the battle when Hannibal ambushed - Battle of Lake Trasimene -Hannibal is burning Roman people and killing- ROMANS ARE VERY MAD -Fabius Maximus that Rome appointed had a plan to not engage in a battle and to just follow Hannibal around to try to cut of resources (losing another battle could be very bad)-Both consuls have power and fight against Hannibal in Cannae (Roman army almost doubled Hannibal’s)Battle of Cannae -Both Consuls sent -Carthaginians step up in a crescent shape -Knew that Romans would charge-Carthaginians were outnumbered 2 to 1-Brought sides around and they trapped Romans -Many Romans died (single bloodiest day in ancient history) (more Romans died one this day then American soldiers in the whole Vietnam War)Video Notes-One officer adviser to attack Rome immediately after Cannae -Hannibal doesn't think it is necessary he has injured and thinks Rome will surrender -Many stay allied to Rome (Hannibal was confused) -Southern Italy allied with Carthaginians Battle of Zama-Hannibal has men in 3 lines with elephants (80)-Scipio Africanus or Scipio the younger (only Roman general that we care about) won -Has seen how Hannibal fights and understands how his strategies -Fought against a strongest cavalry -The army sets up so they can move out of the way when the elephants come by -Only battle that Hannibal loses-He has to surrender -Hannibal becomes a political leader and rids political corruption -Hannibal lives rest of life on the run later committed suicide 3rd Punic War-Cato the Censor concluded every speech with “Carthago delenda est”-150 B.C. - Roman delegates traveled to Carthage demanding Carthage surrender arms and hostages-Told to evacuate city-Carthaginians shut themselves in city-Africanus Minor setup blockage-Carthage surrendered-Rome burned city and “plowed salt in the soil”Greece and Macedonia-Macedonia invaded Greece, Greeks asked Rome for aid-Rome defeated Macedonians and signed a peace treaty -Macedonia kept its kingdom, but Rome and Macedonia withdrew from GreeceAsia Minor-Antiochus conquered central Greece, so Rome intervened-Conquered Antiochus and pursued him-Defeated him in his territory and gained control of Asia MinorPolicy in East-Originally Rome withdrew legions from conquered areas, this began to change -Macedonia -After defeating Macedonian king, Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus were declared Roman provinces-Greece -Destroyed Corinth, making end of Greek independence