Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Functions of the respiratory system:
Respiration -
• [blank_start]Ventilation[blank_end] – Movement of air in and out of lungs
• [blank_start]External respiration[blank_end] - Gas exchange between lungs blood
• [blank_start]Transport[blank_end] - of respiratory gases
• [blank_start]Internal respiration[blank_end] – Gas exchange between blood tissues
Respuesta
-
Ventilation
-
External respiration
-
Transport
-
Internal respiration
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Respiration:
• Internal respiration – Movement of air in and out of lungs
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Regulation of blood pH is a function of the respiratory system
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Select the Five main functions of the respiratory system:
Respuesta
-
Regulation of blood pH
-
Homeostasis
-
Voice production
-
Respiration
-
Waste elimination
-
Smell (olfaction)
-
Protection
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Divisions of the respiratory system include the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Select the four anatomical associations with the upper respiratory tract:
Respuesta
-
External nose
-
Larynx
-
Pharynx
-
Nasal cavity
-
Trachea
-
Bronchi
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
The Trachea is associated with the upper respiratory tract.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Select the Three anatomical associations with the lower respiratory tract
Respuesta
-
Larynx
-
Trachea
-
Bronchi
-
Lungs
-
Pharynx
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Respiratory diagram:
1. [blank_start]External nose[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Nasal Cavity[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Pharynx (throat)[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Upper Respiratory[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Larynx[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Trachea[blank_end]
7. [blank_start]Lower Respiratory[blank_end]
8. [blank_start]Bronchi[blank_end]
9. [blank_start]Lungs[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
External nose
-
Nasal Cavity
-
Pharynx (throat)
-
Upper Respiratory
-
Larynx
-
Trachea
-
Lower Respiratory
-
Bronchi
-
Lungs
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Nasal cavity:
• From [blank_start]nostrils[blank_end] (nares) to [blank_start]choana[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Vestibule[blank_end] - entry to nasal cavity
Stratified squamous epithelium, sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles
• [blank_start]Hard palate[blank_end] – floor of nasal cavity
• [blank_start]Septum[blank_end] – separates nasal cavity into left and right parts, cartilage and bone
• [blank_start]Concha[blank_end] – bony “ridges” in nasal cavity
Respuesta
-
nostrils
-
choana
-
Vestibule
-
Hard palate
-
Septum
-
Concha
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
What are the ridges of the nasal cavity called?
Pregunta 12
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The Concha are the bony ridges in the Nasal cavity.
Pregunta 13
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The Concha are surrounded with Superior, Inferior and middle 'meatus' to increase surface space
Pregunta 14
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Epithelium of concha (and most of nasal cavity) is:
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Select Seven functions of the nasal cavity
Respuesta
-
• Sound of your voice
-
• Olfaction (or smell)
-
• via moisture from mucous epithelium and excess tears which drain into nasal
cavity
-
• Passageway for air
-
• Cleans the air
-
• Humidifies and warms the air
-
• via warm blood flowing through nasal cavity
-
• assist with taste
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Select the Three areas of the Pharynx:
Respuesta
-
Nasopharynx
-
Oropharynx
-
Laryngopharynx
-
Trachea
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Tonsil diagram:
1. [blank_start]Pharyngeal tonsil[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Palatine tonsil[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Lingual tonsil[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Pharyngeal tonsil
-
Palatine tonsil
-
Lingual tonsil
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Oropharnyx and Laryngopharnyx both have stratified squamous epithelium
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What are the 6 pairs of cartilage in the larynx
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
The Three unpaired cartilage in the Larynx are the Thyroid (Adam’s apple), Cricoid, Epiglottis
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Select Four functions of the larynx:
Respuesta
-
• Trap debris from entering lungs
-
• Sound production via vocal folds
-
• Directs food into the oesophagus away from respiratory tract
-
• Maintains an open passageway for air movement
-
• Provides assistance to Peristalsis of food
Pregunta 22
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The Larynx directs food into the oesophagus away from respiratory tract
Pregunta 23
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The Trachea has 10-25 ‘C-shaped’ hyaline cartilage rings for support
Pregunta 24
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The Trachea has 15-20 ‘C-shaped’ hyaline cartilage rings for support
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
The Trachea descends from the pharynx and sits anterior to oesophagus
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
What is the arrow pointing towards?
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
The right lung has 3 lobes
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Lung diagram:
1. [blank_start]Larynx[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Trachea[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Carina[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Visceral Pleura[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Parietal Pleura[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Pleural Cavity[blank_end]
7. [blank_start]Main (primary) bonchus[blank_end]
8. [blank_start]Lobar (secondary) bronchus[blank_end]
9. [blank_start]Segmental (tertiary) bronchus[blank_end]
10. [blank_start]Bronchiole[blank_end]
11. [blank_start]To terminal Bronchiole[blank_end]
12. [blank_start]Diaphragm[blank_end]
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Alveoli diagram:
1. [blank_start]Alveoli[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Alveolar duct (2)[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Respiratory bronchioles[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Alveolar duct (3)[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Terminal bronchiole[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Alveolar sac[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Alveoli
-
Alveolar duct (2)
-
Respiratory bronchioles
-
Alveolar duct (4)
-
Terminal bronchiole
-
Alveolar sac
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Classify the structures below into whether fall within the ‘conducting zone’ or ‘respiratory zone’?
[blank_start]Conducting zone[blank_end]: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary
bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole,
[blank_start]Respiratory zone[blank_end]: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli
Respuesta
-
Conducting zone
-
Respiratory zone
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Select the structures below which fall into the ‘respiratory zone’?
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Gas transport mechanism:
[blank_start]Oxygen (O2)[blank_end]
• Transported via:
• Red blood cells (haemoglobin) (98.5%)
• Dissolved in blood plasma (1.5%)
[blank_start]Carbon dioxide (CO2)[blank_end]
• Transported as:
• HCO3
- dissolved in plasma (70%)
• CO2 dissolved in plasma (7%)
• Bound to haemoglobin (23%)
Respuesta
-
Oxygen (O2)
-
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Respiratory Membrane diagram:
1. [blank_start]Alveolar fluid (with surfactant)[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Alveolar epithelium[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Interstitial space[blank_end]
5. Basement [blank_start]membrane of capillary endothelium[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Pulmonary capillary endothelium[blank_end]
7. [blank_start]Diffusion of O2[blank_end]
8. [blank_start]Diffusion of CO2[blank_end]
9. [blank_start]Red blood cell[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Alveolar fluid (with surfactant)
-
Alveolar epithelium
-
Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
-
Interstitial space
-
membrane of capillary endothelium
-
Pulmonary capillary endothelium
-
Diffusion of O2
-
Diffusion of CO2
-
Red blood cell
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Pulmonary ventilation:
[blank_start]Inspiration:[blank_end]
• LUNGS: [blank_start]volume increases as it fill with air[blank_end]
• DIAPHRAGM: [blank_start]moves inferiorly and flattens[blank_end]
• RIB CAGE: elevated
• STERNUM: elevated
• INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: [blank_start]contract[blank_end]
Expiration:
• LUNGS: [blank_start]volume decreases as air leaves[blank_end]
• DIAPHRAGM: [blank_start]moves superiorly[blank_end] as it relaxes into its dome-shape
• RIB CAGE: depresses
• STERNUM: depresses
• INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: [blank_start]relax[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Inspiration:
-
volume increases as it fill with air
-
moves inferiorly and flattens
-
contract
-
volume decreases as air leaves
-
moves superiorly
-
relax
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Airflow in and out of alveoli:
• [blank_start]Barometric air pressure (PB)[blank_end] – atmospheric air pressure outside the body
• [blank_start]Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)[blank_end] – pressure inside the alveoli
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
• Intrapleural pressure = pressure in the pleural cavity
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Select Two Forces which promote alveoli recoil:
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Pulmonary volumes:
• [blank_start]Tidal volume[blank_end] – the amount of air inspired or expired with each breath
• [blank_start]Inspiratory reserve volume[blank_end] – the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume
• [blank_start]Expiratory reserve volume[blank_end] – the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume
• [blank_start]Residual volume[blank_end] – the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Pulmonary capacities:
• [blank_start]Inspiratory capacity[blank_end] – the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after normal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume)
• [blank_start]Functional residual capacity[blank_end] – the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)
• [blank_start]Vital capacity[blank_end] – the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration (inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume)
• [blank_start]Total lung capacity[blank_end] – inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume +residual volume
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
• [blank_start]Respiratory rate[blank_end] – number of breaths taken per minute
• [blank_start]Minute ventilation[blank_end] – total amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute (tidal volume X respiratory rate) (E.g. 500 ml X 12 breaths per minute = 6000 ml per minute)
• [blank_start]Anatomic dead space[blank_end] – space formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
• [blank_start]Alveolar ventilation[blank_end] - volume of air available for gas exchange per minute
Respuesta
-
Respiratory rate
-
Minute ventilation
-
Anatomic dead space
-
Alveolar ventilation
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Parameters measured of dynamic lung function test:
• [blank_start]Forced vital capacity (FVC)[blank_end] – maximal volume of air that can be forcefully expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in
• Forced [blank_start]expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 sec)[blank_end] – the volume of air expired in the first second of the test
• Forced [blank_start]expiratory volume 1% (FEV1%)[blank_end] – FEV1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC
Respuesta
-
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
-
expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 sec)
-
expiratory volume 1% (FEV1%)
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
The Nasal cavity, Nasopharynx and Trachea all have [blank_start]pseudostratified ciliated columnar[blank_end] epithelium
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
The Vestible is situated [blank_start]anteriorly[blank_end] of the nose in the middle.
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The Vestibule, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx all have [blank_start]stratified squamous epithelium[blank_end]
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The Alveoli has simple squamous epithelium
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
The [blank_start]Oropharynx[blank_end] is the middle part of the throat that includes the base of the tongue, the tonsils, the soft palate, and the walls of the pharynx.
Respuesta
-
Oropharynx
-
Laryngopharynx
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
The [blank_start]Laryngopharynx[blank_end] is where both food and air pass. It can be found between the hyoid bone and the larynx and esophagus, which helps guide food and air where to go. It is a part of the pharynx.
Respuesta
-
Laryngopharynx
-
Oropharynx
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
[blank_start]Choana[blank_end]: An opening at the back of the nasal passage (there is a left and a right side) that empties into the space behind the nose called the [blank_start]nasopharynx[blank_end], where the adenoids and eustachian tube are. The passage way continues down into the back of the mouth and into the throat.
Respuesta
-
Choana
-
Choncha
-
nasopharynx
-
oropharynx
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Alveolar fluid (surfactant) reduces the surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) more stable.
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
[blank_start]Pharynx[blank_end]: the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the oesophagus
[blank_start]Larynx[blank_end]: the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.
Respuesta
-
Pharynx
-
Larynx
-
Larynx
-
Pharynx
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
The [blank_start]Bronchiole[blank_end] descends into the [blank_start]Terminal Bronchiole[blank_end] which then leads onto the [blank_start]Respiratory Bronchiole[blank_end]. From here, oxygen descends through the [blank_start]Alveolar Duct[blank_end], into the [blank_start]Alveolar Sac[blank_end] and eventually into the individual [blank_start]Alveoli[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Bronchiole
-
Terminal Bronchiole
-
Terminal Bronchiole
-
Respiratory Bronchiole
-
Respiratory Bronchiole
-
Terminal Bronchiole
-
Alveolar Duct
-
Alveolar Sac
-
Alveolar Sac
-
Alveolar Duct
-
Alveoli
-
Alveolar Sac
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
When you breathe in, air enters your body through your nose or mouth. From there, it travels down your throat through the [blank_start]larynx[blank_end] (or voicebox) and into the [blank_start]trachea (or windpipe)[blank_end] before entering your lungs.
Respuesta
-
larynx
-
pharynx
-
trachea (or windpipe)
-
oesophagus