MMI Module Exam Unit 3 and 4

Herpes simplex

Smallpox

Adenoviridae

HPV

Parvoviridae (B-19)

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis A virus

Rubella

Ebola Virus

HIV

Viruses can be transferred by mucosal droplets, water, bugs and through the air.

They are living cells

Viruses are bigger than bacteria

They contain special organelles that allow them to self replicate with little to no energy source

Smaller than bacteria

Larger than bacteria

Contains DNA or RNA, never both

Contains DNA and RNA

Few enzymes

Contains many ribosomes

No ribosomes or enzymes for metabolizing nutrients

Contains ribosomes or enzymes for metabolizing nutrients

An infectious viral particle with nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

A protein that is essential for the virus to replicate itself.

Another term for a virus

A virus prion

Protein coats; capsomeres; protein molecule

Protein coats; virions; protein molecules

Protein coats; capsomeres; protein chains

Outer coat; capsomeres; virions

Glycoproteins or spikes

Glyoproteins or glycolipids

Virions or spikes

Virions or glycoproteins

The complete capsid of a virus.

A capsid that is a part of the nucleus

An incomplete capsid membrane that surrounds the Nucleic acid

They are the complete capsid of a virus made out of nucleic acids

They are viruses that infect bacterial cells and can transfer new genes from one bacteria to another

They can be used as a tool for genetic engineering

They can transfer genes for the production of a toxin

They have a host range of animal bacteria.

1) The viral particles' membrane either fuses with the membrane, leaving the capsid to carry the virus into the cytoplasm of the host cell or the viral particle can cross the host cell membrane by pinocytosis

1) The viral particles' membrane can fuse with the membrane due to its affinity for the viral particles receptors, or it can cross it by binding to the sites due to the tropism (cells affinity) for the viral receptors and then being pinocytosed by the host cell

2) DNA Virus: The virus DNA uses the host cells DNA polymerase to replicate itself in the host cell nucleus. Then is uses DNA-dependent DNA polymerase to replicate its genome DNA->DNA then uses reverse transcriptase DNA->RNA->DNA RNA Virus: Uses its own RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. So it uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for replication RNA->RNA and then uses reverse transcriptase RNA->DNA

2) DNA Virus: The virus DNA uses the host cells DNA polymerase to replicate itself in the host cell nucleus. Then is uses DNA-dependent DNA polymerase to replicate its genome DNA->DNA then uses reverse transcriptase DNA->RNA->DNA RNA Virus: Uses its own RNA polymerase and uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for replication RNA->RNA and then uses reverse transcriptase RNA->DNA->RNA

3) Association of newly replicated RNA or DNA with newly made viral proteins results in new nucleocapsids. If envelope components are produced and inserted into the host cell plasa membrane, the viral particle then attaches to the plasma membrane and buds through, thus forming an enveloped virus.

3) Newly made viral proteins and newly replicated DNA or RNA nucleic acid form new capsids. An enveloped virus can form if a virus forms all of its viral components, then detaches itself from the host cell and looks for a new host cell to infect. When it successfully finds and infects a new host cell, it takes portions of its plasma membrane to form the envelop for the virus.

Acute or Productive Infection - virus replicates, and produces many virions, the host cell is often killed (lytic infection)

Latent Infection - viral genome persists in host cell but does not replicate "provirus"

Chronic Infection - Virus replicates without causing host cell lysis (cell rupture) and can persist for long periods of time

Persistent Infections - release of viruses does not usually harm the host cell resulting in the host cell producing the virus for long periods of time

Chickenpox has lesions at different stages while shingles has lesions at the same stages

Chickenpox has lesions at the same stages while shingles has lesions at different stages

Chickenpox has smaller lesions than Shingles

Chickenpox has bigger lesions than Shingles

oncogenic viruses

malicious tumour viruses

benign tumour viruses

transformative viruses

Can cause protein misfolding disease

Prions are misfolded proteins that act as infectious agents in susceptible animals

Examples: Scrapies, Mad cow disease

Examples: Rabies, SARS

Protozoa

Metazoa

Ectoparasites

Amoeba

Lymphocytes

Mesazoa

Some have a "cyst form". In order to protect itself from inhospitable environments., it forms a thicker outer layer or a "cyst"

The growing form in many species called "trophozoite"

Cyst form may also be called an "oocyst" in same types of protozoa

It is a multicellular organisms

Entamoeba histolytica

Giardia lamblia

Trichomonas vaginalis

Acanthamoeba

Cryptosporidium

Toxoplasma gondii

Trypanosoma

Leishmania

Plasmodium

Enterobius vermicularis

Entamoeba histolytica

Giardia lamblia

Acanthamoeba

Trichomonas vaginalis

Giardia Lamblia

Toxoplasma gondii

Trypanosoma

Schistosoma

There is no cyst stage, it infects person to person through sexual transmission. It is found in the vagina and male urethra and causes intense itching, inflammation of tissues

They are roundworms with complete digestive system (this includes a mouth, intestine and anus). There are two categories/types; eggs as the infective stage, larva as the infective stage.

It causes malaria and has no current vaccine. There are 4 main types that are transmitted by the mosquito and it carries the sporozoite in the saliva which then enters the blood stream and targets the liver.

It is found in domestic cats' feces as oocysts. If another mammal ingests this protozoan, tissue cysts can form. A human can get it from undercooked meat (tissue cysts) or from contact with cat feces (oocysts)

Grows in water, exists as cyst form in dust

Often found in the eye (important for contact lens wearers)

Eye loss outcome of infection

Cyst and trophozoite stage in humans

Obligate intracellular parasite

Immunocompromised people can have severe chronic diarrhea while immune-competent people can have serious diarrhea.

high resistance to chlorine

About 20 different species cause this disease, all of which are transmitted by sand flies

No good treatment

Visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous syndromes - caused by different species

Trophozoite

Oocyst

Cyst

Ulcer