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Motor System

Descripción

Master (From Membrane to Brain [Lecture]) Neuroscience Test sobre Motor System, creado por Lukas Paulun el 08/11/2018.
Lukas Paulun
Test por Lukas Paulun, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Lukas Paulun
Creado por Lukas Paulun hace alrededor de 6 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Three types of movements (antialphabetic): - [blank_start]Voluntary[blank_end] movements - [blank_start]Rhythmic[blank_end] movements - [blank_start]Reflexes[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Voluntary
  • Rhythmic
  • Reflexes

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
The visuomotor delay is approximately [blank_start]200[blank_end] ms. The proprioceptive delay is approximately [blank_start]50[blank_end] ms.
Respuesta
  • 200
  • 250
  • 300
  • 150
  • 50
  • 30
  • 80
  • 150

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic): - [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] uncertainty - [blank_start]motor[blank_end] noise - [blank_start]sensory[blank_end] noise
Respuesta
  • environmental
  • motor
  • sensory

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
The human body has "only" 600 muscles. Nonetheless motor control is very difficult, since the number of possible movement patterns increases [blank_start]exponentially[blank_end] with the [blank_start]degrees of freedom[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • exponentially
  • degrees of freedom

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
The principle of [blank_start]redundancy[blank_end] means that there is a [blank_start]gap[blank_end] between high- and low-level specification. Any high level task can be achieved in [blank_start]infinitely[blank_end] many low level ways.
Respuesta
  • redundancy
  • gap
  • infinitely

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
[blank_start]Fitt's[blank_end] law describes the [blank_start]speed-accuracy[blank_end] trade-off.
Respuesta
  • Fitt's
  • speed-accuracy

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
In simple grasping tasks the paths of hand movements are usually [blank_start]straight[blank_end] and the speed profiles are [blank_start]bell-shaped[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • straight
  • bell-shaped

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
The two-thirds power law: [blank_start]angular[blank_end] velocity ~ [blank_start]curvature[blank_end]^(2/3)
Respuesta
  • angular
  • curvature

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
Three levels of analysis: (1) [blank_start]Computational[blank_end]: What is the [blank_start]problem[blank_end] the brain is trying to solve? (2) [blank_start]Algorithmic[blank_end]: What is the [blank_start]strategy[blank_end] to solve this problem? (3) [blank_start]Neuronal[blank_end]: How is it done by the nervous system?
Respuesta
  • Computational
  • Algorithmic
  • Neuronal
  • problem
  • strategy

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
The forward model [blank_start]predicts behaviour[blank_end] based on [blank_start]motor commands[blank_end]. The inverse model [blank_start]calculates motor commands[blank_end] from [blank_start]desired behaviour[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • predicts behaviour
  • motor commands
  • calculates motor commands
  • desired behaviour
  • predicts motor commands

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
Feedforward ([blank_start]open[blank_end]-loop) control: Because of the delays in the sensorimotor system, open-loop control is used for [blank_start]short[blank_end] movements. Disadvantages: - [blank_start]Inaccuracies[blank_end] cannot be corrected - [blank_start]Unexpected changes[blank_end] will not be taken into account
Respuesta
  • short
  • long
  • open
  • closed
  • Inaccuracies
  • Delays
  • Noise
  • Unexpected changes
  • Inaccuracies
  • Noise

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
In order for feedforward control to be sufficient, the [blank_start]inverse[blank_end] model would have to be perfect.
Respuesta
  • inverse

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
Feedback (closed-loop) control can compensate for errors due to
Respuesta
  • neural noise
  • unexpected changes in the outside world
  • inaccurate motor commands
  • the sensorimotor delay
  • proprioception

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them. After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g. The experiment shows the subjects use
Respuesta
  • feedforward control.
  • feedback control.
  • both feedforward and feedback control.

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
The [blank_start]gain[blank_end] factor is the amount by which the [blank_start]corrective[blank_end] motor command is increased or decreased per unit of error.
Respuesta
  • gain
  • corrective

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
[blank_start]High[blank_end] gain and [blank_start]high[blank_end] sensorimotor delay can lead to [blank_start]overcompensation[blank_end] and [blank_start]instabilities[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • High
  • Low
  • high
  • low
  • overcompensation
  • too little compensation
  • instabilities
  • a stable motor command

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
An [blank_start]efference[blank_end] copy is an internal copy of an outflowing ([blank_start]efferent[blank_end]), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.
Respuesta
  • efference
  • afference
  • efferent
  • afferent

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays: (1) [blank_start]Intermittency[blank_end] of movements (2) [blank_start]Prediction[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Intermittency
  • Prediction

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses [blank_start]motor commands to the eye[blank_end] in order to predict the eye's position.
Respuesta
  • motor commands to the eye
  • sensors in the eye muscles

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
What's the problem with using a forward model in feedback control to predict the position of a limb.
Respuesta
  • Errors accumulate over time.
  • Delay leads to instabilites.
  • Actually an inverse model would have to be used.

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
Which are the main structures of the CNS involved in motor control?
Respuesta
  • pons
  • spinal cord: reflexes
  • brainstem: facial muscles
  • cerebral cortex as the generator
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia
  • medulla oblongata
  • hippocampus
  • dentate gyrus

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
A motor unit consists of [blank_start]a spinal motor neuron[blank_end] and [blank_start]the muscle fibres that it innervates.[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • a spinal motor neuron
  • a sensory interneuron
  • a pyramidal motor neuron
  • the muscle fibres that it innervates.
  • the motor neurons it projects to.
  • the disc in the spinal cord it projects

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
A muscle is typically innervated by [blank_start]a few hundred[blank_end] spinal motor neurons.
Respuesta
  • a few hundred
  • a few thousand
  • about 50
  • about 50.000

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
The [blank_start]innervation number[blank_end] tells how many muscle fibres a motor neuron innervates.
Respuesta
  • innervation number

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
The innervation number
Respuesta
  • indicates the increment in force when the motor unit is activated.
  • can be very different for the same muscle.
  • is the same for all neurons that project to one muscle
  • indicates the speed by which the muscle is activated

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
The muscle force is controlled by
Respuesta
  • recruitment (how many motor neurons of the unit fire)
  • the discharge rate of motor units
  • the innervation number of the motor unit
  • the axon diameter of the motor neuron

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
Motor units differ in [blank_start]speed[blank_end] and maximum [blank_start]force[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • speed
  • force

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
Recruitment: [blank_start]Small[blank_end] motor neurons are recruited first because of the [blank_start]high[blank_end] resistance within their axon. They have a [blank_start]lower[blank_end] innervation number and therefore produce [blank_start]less[blank_end] force.
Respuesta
  • Small
  • Large
  • high
  • low
  • lower
  • higher
  • less
  • more

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
Spinal reflexes are [blank_start]involuntary[blank_end] and triggered by [blank_start]external stimuli[blank_end]. Despite classical theory they can be quite flexible.
Respuesta
  • involuntary
  • external stimuli

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
The withdrawal from a painful stimulus is called [blank_start]flexion-withdrawal[blank_end] reflex. The [blank_start]flexor[blank_end] muscle is activated and the [blank_start]extensor[blank_end] muscle is inhibited. This is called [blank_start]reciprocal innervation[blank_end]. The opposite effect happens on the [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] limb. The force [blank_start]does[blank_end] (does or does not) depend on the stimulus intensity.
Respuesta
  • flexion-withdrawal
  • flexor
  • extensor
  • reciprocal innervation
  • contralateral
  • does

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
The stretch reflex is a [blank_start]muscle contraction[blank_end] in response to stretching within the muscle. The antagonist muscle is inhibited, this is called [blank_start]reciprocal innervation[blank_end]. The stretch reflex increases the [blank_start]stiffness[blank_end] of the muscle.
Respuesta
  • stiffness
  • muscle contraction
  • reciprocal innervation

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
The areas of the cerebral cortex that are used in motor control: - [blank_start]Primary motor cortex[blank_end] (M1) - [blank_start]Premotor cortex[blank_end] (PM) - [blank_start]Supplementary motor area[blank_end] (SMA)
Respuesta
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Supplementary motor area

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
The motor cortices receive input from
Respuesta
  • the somatosensory cortex
  • the posterior parietal cortex
  • the temporal lobe
  • the cerebellum

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
The motor homunculus is most detailed for the [blank_start]primary motor cortex[blank_end]. It disappears if you [blank_start]zoom on[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • supplementary motor area
  • zoom in
  • zoom out

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
The motor pathway to lateral motorneurons runs [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] and controls mainly [blank_start]distal muscles[blank_end]. It includes the [blank_start]corticospinal tract[blank_end]. The patway to medial motorneurons runs [blank_start]ipsilateral[blank_end] and controls mainly [blank_start]stance and posture[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • contralateral
  • ipsilateral
  • distal muscles
  • nearby muscles
  • corticospinal tract
  • medial tract
  • ipsilateral
  • contralateral
  • stance and posture
  • fine movements
  • unconscious movements

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
The corticospinal tract The connections come from the cortical layer [blank_start]V[blank_end]. Many of these connections terminate on spinal [blank_start]interneurons[blank_end]. Only [blank_start]M1[blank_end] contains neurons projecting directly to spinal motor neurons. These cortical neurons are called [blank_start]corticomotorneurons[blank_end]. Those neurons have only one synapse.
Respuesta
  • V
  • IV
  • III
  • II
  • I
  • interneurons
  • medial neurons
  • projection neurons
  • M1
  • PM
  • SMA
  • corticomotorneurons
  • complex neurons

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
The axons of corticomotorneurons terminate on [blank_start]spinal motor neurons[blank_end]. The can also influence other muscles via spinal [blank_start]interneurons[blank_end]. Most of the time the excite agonist muscles and inhibit antagonist ones.
Respuesta
  • spinal motor neurons
  • the muscle fiber
  • interneurons
  • projection neurons
  • receptors

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
Reading information about the direction of a movement from several motor neurons is done via [blank_start]population codes[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • population codes

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
Neuronal tuning with respect to movement means
Respuesta
  • that firing rates of cortical motor neurons correlate with parameters of movement, e.g. direction, velocity, acceleration, ...
  • that reinforcement learning can be applied to fine-tune execution of motor tasks.
  • that firing rates of cortical motor neurons are highly intercorrelated ("tuning each other")

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
Different digits of the hand are controlled by sharply separated areas in M1.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
Four symptoms of cerebellar disorders: [blank_start]Hypotonia[blank_end]: A diminished resistance to passive limb displacements. [blank_start]Astasia-abasia[blank_end]: An inability to stand or walk. [blank_start]Ataxia[blank_end]: The abnormal execution of multijointed voluntary movements, characterized by lack of coordination. [blank_start]Action tremor[blank_end]: A form of tremor at the end of a movement, when the patient attempts to stop the movement by using antagonist muscles.
Respuesta
  • Hypotonia
  • Astasia-abasia
  • Ataxia
  • Action tremor

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
The basal ganglia are involved in
Respuesta
  • reinforcement motor learning
  • action selection
  • movement initiation
  • online motor control

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
Relation between function and areas of the brain (hypothesis)
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • basal ganglia
  • motor cortex
  • parietal cortex
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • prefrontal cortex
  • medulla oblongata

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
The motor control loop
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • controller
  • state estimation
  • efference copy
  • sensory feedback
  • forward model
  • inverse model
  • gain

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
?
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Comparator
  • Sensed state
  • Input processing
  • Sensor
  • Forward model
  • Inverse model
  • Estimated state

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
?
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • dynamic
  • predictive
  • sensory
  • correction
  • estimation
  • gain

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
?
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Desired state
  • Estimated state
  • Feedforward controller
  • Inverse controller
  • Motor command
  • State estimation
  • Actuator

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
Optimal feedback control
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • position
  • weight
  • motor command

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
?
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Motor command
  • Sensory feedback and proprioception
  • State transition
  • State estimation
  • Forward model
  • Inverse model
  • Gain factor

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
The forward-model is used at the [blank_start]beginning[blank_end] of movements.
Respuesta
  • beginning
  • end

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
There are slow- and fast-[blank_start]twitch[blank_end] muscle fibers.
Respuesta
  • twitch

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
[blank_start]Supraspinal[blank_end] centers play an important role in modulating and adapting spinal reflexes, even to the extent of reversing movements when appropriate.
Respuesta
  • Supraspinal

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
Stretch reflex: In addition to the muscle that is stretched [blank_start]synergistic[blank_end] muscles are contracted.
Respuesta
  • synergistic

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
M1: Brodman [blank_start]4[blank_end] PM & SMA: Brodman [blank_start]6[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • 4
  • 6

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
Motor areas
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Posterior parietal cortex
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Supplementary motor area
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