Week 6 NURS1103

Breathing patterns: [blank_start]Tachypnoea[blank_end]—quick, shallow breaths [blank_start]Bradypnoea[blank_end]—abnormally slow breathing [blank_start]Apnoea[blank_end]—cessation of breathing

Breathing patterns: [blank_start]Hyperventilation[blank_end]—overexpansion of the lungs, characterised by rapid and deep breaths [blank_start]Hypoventilation[blank_end]—underexpansion of the lungs, characterised by shallow respirations

[blank_start]Cheyne–Stokes breathing[blank_end]—waxing and waning of respirations, from very deep to very shallow breathing and temporary apnoea

Breathing ease or effort: [blank_start]Dyspnoea[blank_end]—difficult and laboured breathing during which the individual has a persistent, unsatisfied need for air and feels distressed [blank_start]Orthopnoea[blank_end]—ability to breathe only in upright sitting or standing positions

Breath sounds [blank_start]Stridor[blank_end]—a shrill, harsh sound heard during inspiration with laryngeal obstruction [blank_start]Stertor[blank_end]—snoring or sonorous respiration, usually due to a partial obstruction of the upper airway [blank_start]Wheeze[blank_end]—continuous, high-pitched musical squeak or whistling sound occurring on expiration and sometimes on inspiration when air moves through a narrowed or partially obstructed airway [blank_start]Bubbling[blank_end]—gurgling sounds heard as air passes through moist secretions in the respiratory tract

Chest movements: [blank_start]Intercostal[blank_end] retraction—indrawing between the ribs [blank_start]Substernal[blank_end] retraction—indrawing beneath the breastbone [blank_start]Suprasternal[blank_end] retraction—indrawing above the clavicles

Secretions and coughing: [blank_start]Haemoptysis[blank_end]—the presence of blood in the sputum [blank_start]Productive cough[blank_end]—a cough accompanied by expectorated secretions [blank_start]Non-productive cough[blank_end]—a dry, harsh cough without secretions

There are basically two types of breathing: costal (thoracic) breathing and diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing

Costal - Abdominal breathing

Diaphragmatic (thoracic) breathing

Costal - (thoracic) breathing

Diaphragmatic - (abdominal) breathing

Respiration is controlled by respiratory centres in the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain

Respiration is controlled by respiratory centres in the medulla oblongata and the frontal lobe of the brain

Respiration is controlled by respiratory centres in the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain, and by chemoreceptors located centrally in the medulla and peripherally in the carotid and aortic bodies. These centres and receptors respond to changes in the concentrations of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H+) in the arterial blood.

The rate, depth, rhythm, quality and effectiveness of respirations should be assessed.

Factors affecting respirations (select 6)

During a normal inspiration and expiration, an adult takes in about 500 mL of air. This volume is called the tidal volume

Body position also affects the amount of air that can be inhaled.

Respiratory rhythm refers to the regularity of the expirations and the inspirations.

Respiratory quality, or character, refers to those aspects of breathing that are different from normal, effortless breathing

During ventilation, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar capillary membrane.

Oxygen is carried in the blood as either dissolved oxygen or as oxygen bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells.

Oxygen is carried in the blood as either dissolved oxygen or as oxygen bound to the nucleus in red blood cells.

Factors affecting oxygen saturation readings: [blank_start]Haemoglobin[blank_end]: If the haemoglobin is fully saturated with oxygen, the SpO2 will appear normal even if the total haemoglobin level is low. Thus, the person could be severely anaemic and have inadequate oxygen to supply the tissues but the pulse oximeter would return a normal value. [blank_start]Circulation[blank_end]: The oximeter will not return an accurate reading if the area under the sensor has impaired circulation, such as occurs in peripheral vascular disease or if a person is very cold. Activity: Shivering or excessive movement of the sensor site may interfere with accurate readings. Dark-coloured nail polish or discolouration of the nail bed: False readings typically arise when a person is wearing dark-coloured nail polish or if the nail bed is discoloured by a subdermal haematoma or other sources of nail bed discolouration, such as nicotine stains. [blank_start]Carbon monoxide poisoning[blank_end]: Pulse oximeters cannot discriminate between haemoglobin saturated with carbon monoxide versus oxygen. In this case, other measures of oxygenation are needed.

Arterial blood pressure is a measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries.

systolic pressure is the pressure of the blood as a result of contraction of the ventricles; that is, the pressure of the height of the blood wave.

Diastolic pressure is the pressure when the ventricles are at rest.

The [blank_start]systolic[blank_end] pressure is the pressure of the blood as a result of contraction of the ventricles; that is, the pressure of the height of the blood wave. The [blank_start]diastolic[blank_end] pressure is the pressure when the ventricles are at rest.

Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury

An elevated blood pressure of unknown cause is called primary hypertension. An elevated blood pressure of known cause is called secondary hypertension.

Hypotension is a blood pressure that is below normal; that is, a systolic reading consistently between 85 and 110 mm Hg in an adult

Hypertension is a blood pressure that is below normal; that is, a systolic reading consistently between 85 and 110 mm Hg in an adult

The pulse is a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.