90% of hypertension is ‘primary’ which means of [blank_start]unknown[blank_end] cause. 'Secondary’ is due to kidney disease, Cushing syndrome, thyroid disease, and drug-induced.
Drug treatments include drugs to: [blank_start]dilate[blank_end] blood vessels, reduce [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] of vessels, reduce blood [blank_start]volume[blank_end], and reduce cardiac load.
Respuesta
unknown
dilate
constriction
volume
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
If we give a Beta1 blocker then we anticipate a decrease in heart rate.
Respuesta
True
False
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
If we give an alpha blocker then we anticipate vasoconstriction.
Respuesta
True
False
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Non-selective β−blockers (e.g. Propanolol) should be avoided in asthmatics as they may constrict the airways.
Respuesta
True
False
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The RAAS system maintains fluids and electrolyte balances.
Renin is released from the arterioles near the [blank_start]glomerulus[blank_end], in response to reduced [blank_start]blood pressure[blank_end] or reduced renal blood [blank_start]flow[blank_end].
Renin:
- Converts [blank_start]angiotensinogen[blank_end] to [blank_start]angiotensin[blank_end]
- Angiotensin is converted to [blank_start]angiotensin II[blank_end] by the [blank_start]ACE[blank_end]
ATII causes [blank_start]vasoconstriction[blank_end] and aldosterone release from the adrenals. Aldosterone promotes [blank_start]K+[blank_end] excretion in exchange for [blank_start]Na+ and water[blank_end] reabsorption to maintain plasma volume and cardiac output (ie to retain volume and raise BP.)
Respuesta
glomerulus
blood pressure
flow
angiotensin
angiotensinogen
angiotensin II
ACE
vasoconstriction
K+
Na+ and water
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
If we give an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) we anticipate vasodilation.
Respuesta
True
False
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Side effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs:
- dizziness/postural [blank_start]hypotension[blank_end]
- [blank_start]hyper[blank_end]kalaemia (increase K+)
- ACEI can cause [blank_start]cough[blank_end] due to build up of bradykinin (broken down by ACE)
[blank_start]Hypotension and hyperkalemia[blank_end] are also side effects of thiazide diuretics.
Respuesta
hypotension
hyper
hypo
cough
Hypotension and hyperkalemia
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which of these is not a side effect of calcium channel blockers?
Respuesta
Peripheral oedema
Constipation
Dizziness/postural hypotension
Flushing
Headache
Nausea
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers can cause bradycardia (Caution if patient also on a β-blocker).