Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from high concentrations of blood glucose.
Glucose remains in the
blood, therefore:
• [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] urination
• Thirsty
• Weight [blank_start]loss[blank_end]
• Tired
• [blank_start]Poor[blank_end] circulation
Respuesta
-
Increased
-
Decreased
-
loss
-
gain
-
Poor
-
Good
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
T2DM is due to insulin deficiency (Beta islet cell dysfunction & cell loss up to 50% at diagnosis), and insulin resistance.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Metabolic syndrome is associated with excess nutrition, insufficient [blank_start]exercise[blank_end] and a genetic predisposition. It is characterised by chronic [blank_start]inflammation[blank_end] in the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and vasculature.
• Doubles the risk of [blank_start]atherosclerotic[blank_end] heart disease
• Doubles risk of stroke
• Five times the risk of [blank_start]diabetes[blank_end]
• Increased risk of venous thrombosis
Respuesta
-
exercise
-
inflammation
-
diabetes
-
atherosclerotic
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
HbA1c is glycosylated haemoglobin. It can be used to determine plasma [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] over the previous 8-12 [blank_start]weeks[blank_end] and so [blank_start]monitor[blank_end] diabetic control or [blank_start]diagnose[blank_end] diabetes. The more glucose in the blood, the more haemoglobin is [blank_start]glycosylated[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
glucose
-
weeks
-
monitor
-
diagnose
-
glycosylated
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The lifetime risk of a child with 1 parent with T2D is 40%, and increases to 70% if both parents have/had T2D.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Type 2 Diabetes - Pathogenesis:
• Insulin resistance begins many [blank_start]years[blank_end] before onset of T2D
• When insulin [blank_start]secretion[blank_end] can not overcome [blank_start]resistance[blank_end]: hyperglycaemia and T2D
• Typically [blank_start]half[blank_end] of B islet cells left at diagnosis
• Abnormalities in other hormones (increased [blank_start]glucagon[blank_end]) & impaired responses to others (egg GLP-1)
• Changes in gut [blank_start]microbiota[blank_end]
• Inflammation
Respuesta
-
years
-
secretion
-
resistance
-
half
-
glucagon
-
microbiota
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Pathophysiology of T2DM:
- Macrovascular (50% of patients): [blank_start]cardiovascular disease[blank_end], develops earlier and is more severe
- Microvascular (~27% patients): [blank_start]kidney, retina and the nervous system[blank_end]
- Co-morbidities: non-alcoholic [blank_start]fatty liver[blank_end] disease, obstructive sleep [blank_start]apnoea[blank_end] and depression