Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is the enzyme that catalyses the reversible reaction that converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate?
Respuesta
-
Phosphofructokinase
-
Phosphoglucose isomerase
-
Aldolase
-
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
What is the function of exonuclease?
Respuesta
-
Removal of RNA primers
-
Removal of DNA primers
-
Stitching together of Okazaki fragments
-
Joining adjacent nucleotides together
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
What direction does the coding strand run in?
Respuesta
-
5' to 3'
-
3' to 5'
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What direction does the template strand run in?
Respuesta
-
3' to 5'
-
5' to 3'
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
What is the function of Gyrase?
Respuesta
-
Prevent DNA supercoiling
-
Add DNA sequence repeats to the 3' end of DNA strands at the end of chromosomes
-
Unwind the DNA strand
-
Remove RNA primers
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
RNA contains the bases Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
snRNA forms part of a complex with proteins (snRNPs) which aid in the formation of the spliceosome that is involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What post-transcriptional modifications are added to mRNA?
Respuesta
-
5' methyl-guanosine cap
-
3' poly A tail
-
5' methyl-adenosine tail
-
3' mono A tail
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What codon signals the start of translation of a protein?
Respuesta
-
AUG
-
ATG
-
TAC
-
UAA
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Why is the triplet code known as degenerate?
Respuesta
-
More than one codon codes for one amino acid
-
Codons can become mutated
-
Codons are read three bases at a time
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Where does DNA replication, transcription and splicing occur?
Respuesta
-
Cytoplasm
-
Nucleus
-
Mitochondria
-
Extracellular Matrix
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
An open reading frame is a section of RNA with a small number of codons that results in a truncated, non-functional protein.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
What is the enzyme responsible for charging tRNA with amino acids?
Respuesta
-
Amino-acyl tRNA synthetase
-
Peptidyl Transferase
-
Signal Peptidase
-
Phosphotransferase
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Most mutations are only detrimental to a protein if they occur in the exons; the coding regions of DNA.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, what does this mean?
Respuesta
-
They possess two properties in a single structure
-
They can form bilayer sheets
-
They are highly hydrophobic molecules
-
They can form micelle structures
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Phase transition occurs at a lower temperature in plasma membranes that have shorter, more unsaturated fatty acid tails.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Where does phospholipid synthesis occur?
Respuesta
-
Outer cytosolic leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum
-
Outer cytosolic leaflet of the golgi apparatus
-
Inner cytosolic leaflet of the golgi apparatus
-
Inner cytosolic leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What is the function of scramblase in the formation of new plasma membrane?
Respuesta
-
Catalysing the 'flip-flop' mechanism that distributes phospholipids between the outer cytosolic and inner cytosolic portions of the plasma membrane
-
Catalysing the fusion of the newly synthesised portion of the plasma membrane to the existing plasma membrane
-
Catalysing vesicle release from the endoplasmic reticulum after the newly synthesised portion of the plasma membrane is produced
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What are the three subtypes of phospholipid?
Respuesta
-
Phosphotidylcholine
-
Phosphotidylethanolamine
-
Phosphotidylserine
-
Phosphotidylvaline
-
Phosphotidylethylamine
-
Phosphotidyladenosine
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
The function of the enzyme Flippase is to aid fusion of the newly synthesised plasma membrane with the current plasma membrane.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Glycosylation is the process by which a triglyceride side chain is added to a protein, such as when glycoproteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Transmembrane proteins contain which of the following components that enable them to become embedded in membranes?
Respuesta
-
Signal sequence
-
Stop-transfer sequence
-
Embed sequence
-
Translocate sequence
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Recognition of the stop-transfer sequence in a transmembrane protein causes what to happen?
Respuesta
-
The transmembrane protein to travel across the membrane
-
The transmembrane protein to become embedded in the membrane
-
The transmembrane protein to be removed by enzymatic digestion
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Steroid and Thyroid hormones can travel across the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane due to what property?
Respuesta
-
Lipophilic
-
Hydrophilic
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Lipophilic hormones such as Testosterone (steroid hormone) can only exhibit its function if :
Respuesta
-
A special transporter protein that enables testosterone transport across the membrane is present
-
The receptor that testosterone binds to in order to act as a transcriptional factor is not faulty
-
The enzyme that catalyses testosterone transport is not denatured
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Due to adrenaline's lipophobic nature, how can it cause intracellular effects?
Respuesta
-
It acts on a receptor on the external cell surface, causing the alpha sub-unit of the heterotrimeric complex to activate and go on to activate adenylyl cyclase. This enzyme produces cAMP that participates in further cascade reactions in order to produce adrenalines required effect - glucose release.
-
A special accomodating channel protein (AACT) allows adrenaline and other catecholamines to be transported across lipophilic membranes and produce their effects intracellularly, without altering osmolarity.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Wnt is another lipophobic hormone. It activates the destruction complex which destroys beta-catenin and then allows activation of transcriptional factors to promote transcription.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
How many layers does pseudostratified epithelium contain?
Respuesta
-
1
-
2
-
3
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
What is the appearance of stratified columnar epithelium?
Respuesta
-
One layer thick
-
Multiple layers thick
-
Equally wide and long, cuboidal in shape
-
Long, thin, column arrangement in shape
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
What is the barrier and fence function?
Respuesta
-
The prevention of paracellular movement of molecules due to tight junctions between cells
-
The prevent of diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane, without a facilitating channel protein
-
The way in which lateral surface modules (such as desmosomes) anchor adjacent cells together
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Adherens junctions contain actin filaments.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Desomosomes contain tubulin microtubules.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Collagen formation occurs in what order?
Respuesta
-
Protocollagen -> Tropocollagen -> Collagen fibre assembly
-
Tropocollagen -> Protocollagen -> Collagen fibre assembly
-
Collagen fibre assembly -> Tropocollagen -> Protocollagen
-
Collagen fibre assembly -> Protocollagen -> Tropocollagen
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Intermediate filaments are cell specific.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
What are the layers of the epidermis in descending order?
Respuesta
-
Stratum Corneum -> Granular layer -> Spinus layer -> Basal layer
-
Granular layer -> Spinus layer -> Basal layer -> Stratum Corneum
-
Spinus layer -> Basal layer -> Granular layer -> Stratum Corneum
-
Granular layer -> Stratum Corneum -> Basal layer -> Spinus layer
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Where is more K5/K14 found?
Respuesta
-
Apical layer
-
Basal layer
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Where is more K1/K10 found?
Respuesta
-
Apical layer
-
Basal layer
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Keratin genes are differentially expressed in the different epidermal layers, producing dominant subtypes in different epidermal layers
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What are the components of a desmosome?
Respuesta
-
Desmogleins
-
Desmocollins
-
Plakoglobin
-
Plakophilin
-
Plakotrypsin
-
Desmoglobulin
-
Desmochitin
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
What is a hemidesmosome?
Respuesta
-
A basal cell-cell adhesion module that can interact with the ECM of the basement membrane
-
A lateral cell-cell adhesion module that permits electrical communication between cells
-
A lateral cell-cell adhesion module that anchors adjacent cells together
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Pemphigus Foliaceus affects what epidermal layer?
Respuesta
-
Upper
-
Lower
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Epidermolysis bullosa affects what cell-cell adhesion module?
Respuesta
-
Desmosomes
-
Hemi-desmosomes
-
Tight junctions
-
Adherens junctions
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
What are types of epidermolysis bullosa?
Respuesta
-
EB Simplex
-
EB Junctional
-
EB Dystrophic
-
EB Vulgaris
-
EB Foliaceus
-
EB Desmosomal
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Why is Tubulin known as "dynamically unstable"?
Respuesta
-
It is continually assembled and disassembled at its plus end
-
It cannot be stored in cells as it is unstable
-
Tubulin is composed of more than one sub-units
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Actin's structure shows a twisting pattern due to the + and - charges on G-actin during polymerisation
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Mutations in intermediate filaments are more detrimental to cells than mutations in actin filaments or tubulin microtubules
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
What is meant by actin cycling?
Respuesta
-
The disassembly of actin filaments, diffusion and subsequent reassembly close to a stimulus site
-
The way actin polymerises into F-actin
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Which of the following protein translocations into organelles are unidirectional?
Respuesta
-
Nucleus translocation
-
Mitochondria translocation
-
Peroxisomal translocation
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Mutations in peroxisomes are not always fatal because peroxisomes are cell specific.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Which of the following are ER modifications of proteins?
Respuesta
-
N-linked glycosylation
-
Completion of translation
-
Folding of proteins
-
Formation of disulphide bonds
-
Modification of N-linked oligosaccharide side chains
-
Oxygen-linked glycosylation
-
Mannose-6-phosphate modification
-
Sorting to final destinations
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Which of the following are Golgi modifications of proteins?
Respuesta
-
Nitrogen-linked glycosylation
-
Completion of translation
-
Folding of proteins
-
Formation of disulphide bonds
-
Modification of N-linked oligosaccharide side chains
-
Oxygen-linked glycosylation
-
Mannose-6-phosphate modification
-
Sorting to final destinations
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
What is direct sorting in the golgi network?
Respuesta
-
Vesicles travelling straight to the membrane from the golgi apparatus
-
Vesicles travelling from the golgi to the wrong domain and then being retrieved by early endosomes and being sent to the correct domain such as the membrane
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
What is indirect sorting in the golgi network?
Respuesta
-
Vesicles travelling from the golgi to the wrong domain and then being retrieved by early endosomes and being sent to the correct domain such as the membrane
-
Vesicles travelling straight to the membrane from the golgi apparatus
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