1849503
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
In most cases in the sympathetic nervous system, Acetylcholine is the pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter and Noradrenaline is the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Pre-ganglionic neurones are longer in the sympathetic nervous system when compared to the parasympathetic nervous system.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
What unique features does the sympathetic nervous system contain that is absent in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Respuesta
-
Sympathetic chain
-
Unmyelinated neurones
-
Plexuses
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The motor components of the somatic nervous system contain pre and post ganglionic components after exit from the spinal cord.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Acetylcholine causes the adrenal medulla to secrete what substance? What is this type of interaction known as?
Respuesta
-
Adrenaline
-
VIP
-
Nitric Oxide
-
Neuro-endocrine interface
-
Endocrine interface
-
Autonomic interface
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
What is the main neurotransmitter at post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres?
Respuesta
-
Glutamate
-
Noradrenaline
-
Acetylcholine
-
VIP
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Anticholinesterases are useful in treating myasthenia gravis. Why?
Respuesta
-
They prolong the time that acetylcholine is present in the synaptic cleft and increases its number, thereby allowing acetylcholine to outcompete with antibodies for the binding site and allow normal contractions to occur, relieving the symptoms of M.G.
-
They prolong the time that noradrenaline is present in the synaptic cleft and increases its number, thereby allowing noradrenaline to outcompete with antibodies for the binding site and allow normal contractions to occur, relieving the symptoms of M.G.
-
They decrease the time that acetylcholine is present in the synaptic cleft and increases its number, thereby allowing acetylcholine to outcompete with antibodies for the binding site and allow normal contractions to occur, relieving the symptoms of M.G.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which are examples of non-depolarising blockers?
Respuesta
-
Tubocurarine
-
Pancuronium
-
Suxamethonium
-
Hexamethonium
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What is an example of a depolarising neuromuscular blocker?
Respuesta
-
Suxamethonium
-
Tubocurarine
-
Pancuronium
-
Hexamethonium
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What is an example of a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic receptors?
Respuesta
-
Hexamethonium
-
Suxamethonium
-
Tubocurarine
-
Pancuronium
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
What is an example of a muscarinic receptor antagonist?
Respuesta
-
Atropine
-
Tropicamide
-
Acetylcholine
-
Pilocarpine
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
The myenteric plexus is located between which two layers of the GI tract?
Respuesta
-
Circular muscle
-
Longitudinal muscle
-
Submucosa
-
Mucosa
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
The submucosal plexus is located between which two layers?
Respuesta
-
Submucosa
-
Circular muscle
-
Longitudinal muscle
-
Mucosa
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
The myenteric plexus is present throughout the GI tract
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
In general, the submucosal plexus controls muscular activity.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What is the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?
Respuesta
-
Proteases cleave the SNARE complex that mediates exocytosis of neurotransmitter
-
Competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
-
Non-competitive antagonist at the nicotonic acetylcholine receptor
-
Depolarising blocker of the neuromuscular junction
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Anticholinesterases exhibit suxamethonium-like properties when used in excess.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Why does calcium aid in synaptic transmission?
Respuesta
-
Calcium causes a conformational change in synaptotagmin which causes acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
-
Calcium causes a conformational change in ryanodine which causes acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
If the end plate potential in a muscle cell exceeds threshold, what happens?
Respuesta
-
Muscle contraction
-
Action potential produced
-
Release of acetylcholine by exocytosis
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
When an action potential travels along a T-tubule to a muscle triad, what series of events occur?
Respuesta
-
Action potential causes conformational shape change of the DHP receptor. This receptor then causes unplugging of ryanodine from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This causes mass efflux of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent triggering of contraction.
-
Action potential causes conformational shape change of the DHP receptor. This receptor then causes mass efflux of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent triggering of contraction.
-
Action potential causes conformational shape change of the DNP receptor. This receptor then causes unplugging of synaptotagmin from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This causes mass efflux of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent triggering of contraction.
-
Action potential causes conformational shape change of the DHP receptor. This receptor then causes unplugging of ryanodine from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This causes mass efflux of sodium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent triggering of contraction.
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
What regulatory proteins does actin have associated with it?
Respuesta
-
Tropomyosin
-
Troponin
-
Tropocollagen
-
Tropoelastin
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What is the role of calcium in muscle fibres?
Respuesta
-
To bind to troponin, causing a conformational change which exposes myosin head binding sites.
-
To bind to tropomyosin, causing a conformational change which exposes myosin head binding sites.
-
To bind to tropomyosin, causing a conformational change which exposes actin head binding sites.
-
To bind to troponin, causing a conformational change which exposes actin head binding sites.
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Which is longer, the action potential or muscle contraction?
Respuesta
-
Action potential
-
Muscle contraction
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
What are the 3 energy systems of muscle contraction?
Respuesta
-
Phosphocreatine
-
Lactic acid
-
Oxidative phosphorylation
-
Substrate level phosphorylation
-
Hyaluronic acid
-
Glucuronic acid
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Muscle contraction occurs in which order?
Respuesta
-
Cross-bridge attachment -> Power stroke, hydrolysing ATP via the ATPase capacity of the myosin head -> binding of ATP which breaks cross-bridge attachment -> hydrolysis of ATP which recocks the myosin head to its original position -> repeat
-
Cross-bridge attachment -> Power stroke, hydrolysing GTP via the GTPase capacity of the myosin head -> binding of GTP which breaks cross-bridge attachment -> hydrolysis of GTP which recocks the myosin head to its original position -> repeat
-
Cross-bridge detachment-> Power stroke, hydrolysing ATP via the ATPase capacity of the myosin head -> binding of ATP which causes cross-bridge attachment -> hydrolysis of ATP which recocks the myosin head to its original position -> repeat
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Do slow twitch fibres or fast twitch fibres produce greater force?
Respuesta
-
Slow twitch
-
Fast twitch
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Which type of muscle fibre generally fatigues quicker?
Respuesta
-
Fast twitch
-
Slow twitch
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
The spinal cord exists from?
Respuesta
-
C1 -> L2
-
C1 -> L1
-
C1 -> T10
-
C1 -> S3
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
How many spinal nerves are there, and how many are there for each section of the spinal cord?
Respuesta
-
31 - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal pair
-
31 - 6 cervical, 12 thoracic, 6 lumbar, 6 sacral, 1 coccygeal pair
-
30 - 7 cervical, 14 thoracic, 3 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal pair
-
27 - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal pair
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Why do the first 7 cervical nerves begin above the cervical vertebrae but the thoracic spinal nerves begin below the thoracic sections of the spinal cord?
Respuesta
-
There are 8 cervical spinal nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae therefore the thoracic spinal nerves are 'displaced' and run below each thoracic vertebrae piece.
-
There are 6 cervical spinal nerves and 7 cervical vertebrae so the thoracic spinal nerves are 'displaced' and run below each thoracic vertebrae piece.
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The meninges of the nervous system run in what order from inside to outside?
Respuesta
-
PAD
-
DAP
-
PDA
-
DPA
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
What is a dermatome?
Respuesta
-
An area of skin with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of skin with dual spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with dual spinal nerve innervation
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What is a myotome?
Respuesta
-
An area of muscle with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with dual spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of skin with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of skin with dual spinal nerve innervation
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Conditions such as shingles do not show the usefulness of dermatomes.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Sulci are the depressions in the brain structure.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Gyri are the ridges in the brain.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Upper motor neurones are found where?
Respuesta
-
Brain
-
Spinal cord
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
In the context of motor units, a graded force describes what?
Respuesta
-
The amount of motor unit recruitment needed. If it is a large force then fast-twitch elements are recruited. If it is a small force then slow-twitch elements are recruited.
-
The amount of motor unit recruitment needed. If it is a small force then fast-twitch elements are recruited. If it is a large force then slow-twitch elements are recruited.
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Recruitment of motor units describes what?
Respuesta
-
The number of motor units firing, specifically an increase.
-
The frequency of motor units firing, specifically an increase.
-
The number of motor units firing, specifically a decrease.
-
The frequency of motor units firing, specifically a decrease.
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Rate coding describes what?
Respuesta
-
The frequency of motor units firing, specifically an increase.
-
The number of motor units firing, specifically an increase.
-
The frequency of motor units firing, specifically a decrease.
-
The number of motor units firing, specifically a decrease.
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Contractile force is proportional to what?
Respuesta
-
Cross-bridge number
-
Force produced by cross-bridges
-
Velocity produced by cross-bridges
-
Number of ATP molecules
-
Force produced by Troponin conformation change
-
Force produced by Tropomyosin conformation change
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Slow-twitch fibres produce less force but over a longer period of time. Fast-twitch fibres produce more force but over a shorter period of time.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Neurogenic and Myopathic motor unit diseases have what common symptoms?
Respuesta
-
Weakness
-
Wasting
-
Muscle mass increase
-
Absence of fasciculations
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
ALS affects what part of the motor neuron?
Respuesta
-
Cell body
-
Axon
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Peripheral neuropathies typically affect which part of the motor neuron?
Respuesta
-
Cell body
-
Axon
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
What is responsible for DMD?
Respuesta
-
A fault in dystrophin - a vital part of a protein complex that anchors the cytoskeleton of a muscle fibre to the ECM through the cell membrane
-
A fault in collagen - a vital part of a protein complex that anchors the cytoskeleton of a muscle fibre to the ECM through the cell membrane
-
A fault in elastin - a vital part of a protein complex that anchors the cytoskeleton of a muscle fibre to the ECM through the cell membrane
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
What plasma indicator shows signs of DMD muscle damage?
Respuesta
-
High creatine kinase levels in the serum - should be only intracellular.
-
Low creatine kinase levels in the serum - should be only intravascular.
-
High plasma protein binding
-
Low plasma protein binding
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Dermatomyositis is a condition characterised by what?
Respuesta
-
Inflammation and visible rashes, with atrophy of muscle fibres.
-
Inflammation and visible rashes, with hypertrophy of muscle fibres.
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Efficacy of a drug means?
Respuesta
-
The ability of a drug to produce a response
-
The likelihood of a drug binding to a receptor
-
The mechanism by which the drug acts
-
The permeability of the drug to the plasma membrane
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
What is meant by an inverse agonist?
Respuesta
-
A drug that decreases activity of the agonist and produces the opposite response to the agonist.
-
A drug that produces the same response as the agonist but with higher efficacy.
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
What is meant by allosteric inhibition? What is an example and it's subsequent mechanism?
Respuesta
-
Binding of a drug to a site other than the agonist binding site.
-
Binding of a drug to the same site as the agonist binding site.
-
Benzodiazepam - binds to an alternative site on GABA receptors. This causes a conformational change and creates higher affinity for GABA to bind to the receptor. This therefore increases the inhibitory effect that GABA provides, making users feel drowsy.
-
Benzodiazepam - binds to an alternative site on GABA receptors. This causes a conformational change and creates lower affinity for GABA to bind to the receptor. This therefore decreases the inhibitory effect that GABA provides, making users feel more alert.
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
The body can become desensitised to drugs. For example intake of tobacco which contains nicotine can cause inactivation of nAchR in very high doses.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
RMP is primarily maintained at -65mV to -70mV by?
Respuesta
-
The permeability of the membrane to potassium ions
-
Na+/K+ ATPase
-
The permeability of the membrane to sodium ions
-
None of the options
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
An action potential can be initiated in the absolute refractory period.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
An action potential can be initiated in the relative refractory period.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
The 'feet' of motor proteins possess what property that allows them to 'walk' along the cytoskeleton?
Respuesta
-
ATPase activity
-
GTPase activity
-
ATP supply
¿Quieres crear tus propios Tests gratis con GoConqr? Más información.