Chapter 4

Question

Which of the following terms is NOT one of the known types of tissue-polarization due to application of an external electric current?

Answer 1

a) electronic polarization;

Answer 2

b) electrode polarization;

Answer 3

c) electret polarization.

Answer 4

a) electrode polarization;

Answer 5

b) dipole polarization;

Answer 6

c) macrostructural polarization.

Answer 7

a) electronic;

Answer 8

c) superficial.

Answer 9

a) higher frequency → higher number of polarizations;

Answer 10

b) lower frequency → higher number of polarizations;

Answer 11

c) lower frequency → lower number of polarizations.

Answer 12

a) current increases continuously;

Answer 13

b) current decreases exponentially;

Answer 14

c) current remains constant.

Answer 15

a) generation of polarization potential, opposing the external voltage;

Answer 16

b) increase of the internal resistance of the tissue;

Answer 17

) the leakage of charge out of the tissue.

Answer 18

a) through the cytosol;

Answer 19

b) through the interstitial spaces;

Answer 20

c) through cellular membranes, via nexus junctions between cells.

Answer 21

a) surface polarization;

Answer 22

b) macrostructural polarization;

Answer 23

c) orientational polarization.

Answer 24

a) superficial polarization;

Answer 25

b) macrostructural polarization;

Answer 26

c) electrode polarization.

Answer 27

a) resistive and capacitive;

Answer 28

b) resistive and inductive;

Answer 29

c) capacitive and inductive.

Answer 30

a) resistive, because cellular fluids are rich in electrolytes;

Answer 31

b) capacitive, because cellular fluids have sub-structures;

Answer 32

c) inductive, because there are inductive currents in the fluids.

Answer 33

a) extra- and intra-cellular fluids;

Answer 34

b) cellular and intra-cellular membranes;

Answer 35

c) the free movement of ions.

Answer 36

a) a type of action potential;

Answer 37

b) the location where a neuronal excitation is transferred to a muscle;

Answer 38

c) the structure that opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.

Answer 39

a) echography;

Answer 40

b) physical therapy;

Answer 41

c) electrophoresis.

Answer 42

a) there is polarization of dissolved ions;

Answer 43

b) the conductivity of the cell increases due to temperature increase;

Answer 44

c) the current will decrease with time.

Answer 45

a) there will be polarization of the ion channels;

Answer 46

b) the conductivity of the cell increases due heating;

Answer 47

c) the current decreases with time.

Answer 48

a) there is a polarization of the ion channels;

Answer 49

b) there is a heating effect;

Answer 50

c) there is a decrease of the current due to accommodation.

Answer 51

a) the reorientation of mostly water molecules due an external field;

Answer 52

b) the conversion of the double electric layer into directional dipoles;

Answer 53

c) the formation of dipole moment due to the external field.

Answer 54

a) is related mostly to water molecules;

Answer 55

b) involves the formation of a double electric layer;

Answer 56

c) decreases the intercellular communication.

Answer 57

a) involves mostly water molecules;

Answer 58

b) relates to the formation of a double electric layer;

Answer 59

c) increases the electromotive force (EMF) generated in biological tissue.

Answer 60

a) occur predominately in bone tissue;

Answer 61

b) cause heating in soft tissue;

Answer 62

c) decrease the magnitude of currents passing through soft tissue.

Answer 63

a) epilepsy;

Answer 64

b) arrhythmia;

Answer 65

c) muscle atrophy.

Answer 66

a) a muscle twitch;

Answer 67

b) muscle relaxation;

Answer 68

c) complete tetanus.

Answer 69

a) pulsed current above the threshold;

Answer 70

b) direct current with high voltage;

Answer 71

c) direct current with variable voltage.

Answer 72

a) the activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels;

Answer 73

b) the increase of the active resistance of the skin;

Answer 74

c) the polarization of the tissue.

Answer 75

a) observation of the spontaneous contractions in smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract;

Answer 76

b) conditioning mostly of skeletal muscles;

Answer 77

c) stimulation of the peripheral nerves.

Answer 78

a) a passive property;

Answer 79

b) an active property;

Answer 80

c) biological tissue has only resistance.

Answer 81

a) DC does not flow through cells, only in the extracellular fluid;

Answer 82

b) DC flows through the cells;

Answer 83

c) DC decreases exponentially with time, regarding of the applied constant voltage.

Answer 84

a) sub-threshold stimulation;

Answer 85

b) single action potential;

Answer 86

c) a series of fast local responses.

Answer 87

a) a series of sub-threshold stimuli;

Answer 88

b) a series of over-threshold stimuli;

Answer 89

c) a series of fast local responses.

Answer 90

a) series of fast sequential muscle contractions;

Answer 91

b) series of muscle contractions, where new contractions begin before the ending of previous contractions;

Answer 92

c) group of sequential muscle contractions, triggered by singlesub-threshold stimulation.

Answer 93

a) the interval between action potentials is shorter than the duration of the muscle contraction;

Answer 94

b) the interval between action potentials is longer than the duration of the muscle contraction;

Answer 95

c) when the duration of the action potential is longer then the duration of the muscle contraction.

Answer 96

a) a muscle contraction resulting from depolarization;

Answer 97

b) a muscle contraction triggered by a high voltage;

Answer 98

c) a muscle relaxation following the polarization of muscle cells.

Answer 99

b) muscle tissue;

Answer 100

c) fat tissue.

Answer 101

a) depolarization;

Answer 102

b) polarization;

Answer 103

c) induction.

Answer 104

a) low frequency pulsed current;

Answer 105

b) high frequency pulsed current;

Answer 106

c) sine-wave current.

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