1897521
Descripción
Test por eharveyhudl, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por eharveyhudl
hace casi 10 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is absolute poverty?
Respuesta
-
Being poor in comparison to others in society
-
Being unable to afford things that are essential to live a healthy life
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
One in three children in Scotland live in poverty.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
What are the strengths of using absolute poverty as a definition? (two correct)
Respuesta
-
Matches most people's understanding
-
It accounts for different variations of 'healthy'
-
Good for comparing globally
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
People who run homeless shelters may want to define poverty because they want to help people who are most desperate
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
What are the weaknesses of using absolute poverty as a definition? (three correct)
Respuesta
-
Doesn't account for variations of healthy
-
Difficult to measure
-
Less relevant to countries with a good welfare state
-
Ignores social aspects
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Absolute poverty is often associated with people in the developing world
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Rowntree measured relative poverty
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What did Rowntree's budget standard include? (three correct)
Respuesta
-
Food
-
Make up
-
Rent
-
TV
-
Phones
-
Clothing
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
By 1950, Rowntree said poverty was a major problem
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Secondary poverty is not having enough money to live a healthy life (even if all money is spent wisely)
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Secondary poverty is having enough money to live a healthy lifestyle but not doing so because money isn't spent on necessities e.g buying alcohol instead of fruit
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
A problem with Rowntree's research is that it asks experts, so ignores what poor people think is important for a healthy life
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Rowntree's research includes things that people need to be able to afford to get out of poverty e.g afford transport to get to work
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Gordon and Townsend used a budget standards approach and they worked out an LCA
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
LCA stands for Low Cost but Acceptable
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Gordon and Townsend measured absolute poverty by looking at 7 basic needs. Which of the following were included?
Respuesta
-
Shoes
-
Information
-
Alcohol
-
Food
-
Education
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
What is relative poverty?
Respuesta
-
When people cannot afford a living standard experienced by most of society
-
When people cannot afford the basic things necessary for a healthy life
-
When people themselves think they are poor
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What are the strengths of using a relative definition of poverty?
Respuesta
-
Useful when comparing globally as normal living standards don't vary much
-
More relevant to societies with a good welfare state where absolute poverty has largely been removed
-
Looks at social aspects because it accounts for people not being able to fully participate in society
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What are the weaknesses of using relative poverty as a definition?
Respuesta
-
Over-estimates levels of poverty by comparing people to the average, as living standards in the UK are high
-
Useful when comparing globally
-
Less useful when comparing globally as normal living standards vary
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Mack and Lansely used a deprivation index to measure relative poverty in 1979
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Which of these are examples on Townsend's deprivation index?
Respuesta
-
Never had a holiday
-
Not having a cooked breakfast most days of the week
-
Children - not having a party on their last birthday
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
A weakness of Townsend's deprivation index is that items may have been lacked by choice.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Mack and Lansley used a consensus approach for their deprivation index
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
How many people did Mack and Lansley find were in poverty?
Respuesta
-
3 million
-
800,000
-
7.5 million
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
How do the government measure poverty?
Respuesta
-
LCA (Low cost but acceptable)
-
HBAI (Households below average income)
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
With the government measurement of poverty, households with less than 60% of the median British income are in relative poverty.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
What are the strengths of HBAI measurement of relative poverty?
Respuesta
-
Allows European poverty rates to be compared
-
Accounts for people who have a disability and their extra costs of living
-
Useful for governments when setting benefits because it is an income level
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
What are the weaknesses of the HBAI measurements of poverty?
Respuesta
-
HBAI doesn't account for how cost of living varies across the country e.g London
-
Doesn't account for the extra costs of having a disability
-
Not useful for setting benefits
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Subjective poverty is whether sociologists think a person is poor based on a deprivation index
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
What is the strength of subjective poverty?
Respuesta
-
Based on an income level so useful for setting benefits
-
Looks at psychological aspects - how people feel about their own situation
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
How is subjective poverty measured?
Respuesta
-
Deprivation index
-
Financial satisfaction 0-10 scale
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Define social exclusion
Respuesta
-
Being unable to fully participate in society due to poor housing or lack of money
-
Being unable to access life chances and opportunities experienced by most of society
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What are examples of social exclusion in rural areas?
Respuesta
-
Lack of jobs
-
Lacking access to public transport
-
Lack of affordable housing
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
What are some examples of social exclusion in urban areas?
Respuesta
-
Lack of jobs
-
Lack of access to living in a safe environment due to high crime
-
Lack of affordable housing due to rent in cities being harder
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
A weakness of social exclusion is that it is difficult for governments to use because it is not an income level
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
What are the strengths of using social exclusion as a definition?
Respuesta
-
Highlights how being poor is more complex than lacking money e.g someone in a village is more likely to be socially excluded than someone living in a city
-
An income level so easy for governments to use
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
What is the definition of wealth?
Respuesta
-
Any money coming into the household on a regular basis e.g a wage
-
Ownership of assets e.g property and savings. These assets have value, but are extra to day to day living costs
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
A problem with measuring wealth is whether to include pensions, as they cannot be sold on to anyone else
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Define marketable wealth.
Respuesta
-
Any asset you own but can also be sold e.g car
-
Something you own but can't sell e.g pension
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Which of the following is the definition of non-marketable wealth?
Respuesta
-
Things the owner uses e.g car
-
Something you own but can't sell e.g pension
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
What is productive wealth?
Respuesta
-
When something you own provides an income e.g owning a house that you rent out
-
Any asset you own that can be sold e.g car
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Define consumption wealth
Respuesta
-
Things that the owner uses e.g car
-
When an asset provides an income e.g owning a property that you rent out
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Inheritance Tax is calculated by the Office of National Statistics to produce estimates about wealth
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The wealth and assets survey is produced by Office for National Statistics - a survey on household interviews across GB
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
What is concealment of assets?
Respuesta
-
When people do not admit the amount of wealth they have, to avoid paying tax on them
-
When people say things to make them look good
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Social desirability effect is when people say something to make you look good e.g pretending you have more wealth than you do
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
What is the definition of income?
Respuesta
-
Any money coming into the household on a regular basis e.g wage
-
Money generated from work
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
What is earned income?
Respuesta
-
Income before income tax is deducted
-
Income generated from actual work
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Define unearned income
Respuesta
-
Income generated from work
-
Income not generated from actual work e.g rent given by tenants on a house you own
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
How is income measured?
Respuesta
-
Family resources survey - collects information on the income of household in UK using face to face interviews
-
Wealth and assets survey - Large survey based on household interviews in the UK
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
How can people hide the income they earn?
Respuesta
-
Working 'cash in hand'
-
Giving it to people they know
-
Declaring things as expenses to pay less income tax
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Which of the following are attempts at reducing wealth inequality?
Respuesta
-
Inheritance Tax - paid on an estate when somebody dies, if it is over £325,000. To avoid wealth being passed on within families
-
Direct tax - taken from wages, the more you earn, the more tax you pay
-
Capital gains tax - reduce profits from selling a property if you own more than one
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
What are examples of taxes to reduce income inequality?
Respuesta
-
Indirect taxes - added to things you buy e.g VAT
-
Capital gains tax - Reduce profits from selling a property if the person owns more than one
-
Direct tax - taken straight from wages, the more you earn the more you pay in tax
-
Cash benefits - given by the state to supplement low incomes e.g working tax credits
-
Benefits in kind - provided by state, freely available e.g state education
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Tax evasion is illegal and is when people do not declare their wealth to the Inland Revenue e.g working cash in hand
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
What percentage of lone parents live in relative poverty?
Respuesta
-
39%
-
61%
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Why are lone parents vulnerable to poverty?
Respuesta
-
Higher than average levels of unemployment
-
They can rely on more than one income
-
Working in high paid jobs
-
If working, more likely to be working part-time
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Functionalists say that the welfare state is too generous with benefits for lone parents which discourages them from working as they can rely on benefits.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
What percentage of lone parents are unemployed?
Respuesta
-
31%
-
60%
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Why might large families be in poverty?
Respuesta
-
Their children can work
-
Income has to spread further e.g more food
-
Childcare costs are higher
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Which of the following is the statistics from the Rowntree foundation about poverty and gender?
Respuesta
-
21% of women live in low income households compared to 19% of men
-
19% of women live in low income households compared to 17% of men
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Feminists say that women are more likely than men to be in hidden poverty
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
Which of these is the definition of the primary labour market?
Respuesta
-
Full-time, permanent work which tends to be dominated by men
-
Low-pay, low skill jobs which are usually part-time
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
How many children in the UK live in poverty?
Respuesta
-
1 in 6
-
1 in 10
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
What are the reasons why children are prone to poverty? (research from Banardos) - 4 correct answers
Respuesta
-
Living in lone parent families - Lone parents have high levels of unemployment and low out of work benefits
-
Living in large families - Higher rates of unemployment due to unaffordable childcare costs, and having to buy more food, uniforms etc
-
Not working themselves - families rely on only one or two incomes
-
Having a disability - Costs an additional £99 per week to bring up a disabled child
-
Households with parents in low paid jobs - Given less training, therefore less progression, keeping them trapped in poverty
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
How many pensioners live in poverty?
Respuesta
-
1 in 3
-
1 in 6
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
What are possible reasons why female pensioners may have higher poverty rates than male pensioners?
Respuesta
-
Age concern found that women receive less pension than their husbands
-
Women on average, live longer than men so their retirement savings run out and they have less savings than men in the first place
-
Higher than average levels of unemployment
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Why might the elderly have lower income levels?
Respuesta
-
Welfare benefits they receive are inadequate
-
If they didn't save up enough for a private pension
-
Ageism - employers think they're not capable or too old/ill
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
To live a good quality of life, how much extra would a disabled person need, on top of welfare benefits?
Respuesta
-
£300 a week
-
£200 a week
-
£250 a week
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
What year was the disability act introduced?
Respuesta
-
1884
-
2005
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
What is the ethnic group with the highest rate of poverty?
Respuesta
-
Bangladeshis (70%) and Pakistanis (60%)
-
Pakistanis (60%) and Black Africans (50%)
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
Why do Bangladeshis and Pakistanis have high poverty rates?
Respuesta
-
Women from these ethnic groups are more likely to not want paid work thank other ethnicities
-
Unemployment rates 3x higher for them than other ethnicities
-
Live 20% longer than other ethnicities
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
Horizontal segregation is when different ethnic groups are concentrated in different employment sectors (tend to be low skilled, low paid)
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Black African men are concentrated in manufacturing industry
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
Chinese people are concentrated in the catering industry
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
Which is the ethnic group with the lowest rates of academic achievement, where only 49% achieve 5 or more A* to C at GCSE?
Respuesta
-
Black Carribeans
-
Bangladeshis
-
Indians
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
Chinese is the ethnic group with the highest rate of academic achievement, with 79% achieiving 5 or more A* to Cs at GCSE?
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
What percentage of ethnic minority groups live in deprived areas?
Respuesta
-
70%
-
50%
-
85%
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
Which ethnic minority group experience the most discrimination in the workplace?
Respuesta
-
Muslims
-
Black Africans
-
Bangladeshis
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
Which of these is the definition of institutional racism?
Respuesta
-
When customers and staff of an institution have been found to project racist behaviour
-
How the day to day practices of an institution have racist outcomes
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
What is an example of institutional racism?
Respuesta
-
Job adverts not being available in different languages
-
Ignoring a member of staff who is of an ethnic minority
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
Define the Marxist term reserve army of labour?
Respuesta
-
A group of workers who seek part-time work, due to reasons such as childcare
-
Workers who are used when needed, but disposed of when their labour is no longer needed
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
Who do cultural explanations blame for poverty?
Respuesta
-
Society
-
Government
-
Individual
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
Which sociologist has the Culture of Poverty theory?
Respuesta
-
Flaherty
-
Oscar Lewis
-
Murray
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
What is the definition of a culture of poverty by Oscar Lewis?
Respuesta
-
People in poverty are made to form a separate culture due to the way society causes them to be social exclusion
-
People in poverty develop a culture with norms and values which prevent them escaping poverty e.g fatalistic
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
What are the components of the culture of poverty?
Respuesta
-
Individual characteristics, work characteristics and wealth characteristics
-
Individual characteristics, family characteristics and community characteristics
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
Who are the two New Right theorists?
Respuesta
-
Murray and Marsland
-
Connell and Flaherty
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
Culture of dependency is a Marxist idea
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
Culture of dependency is where people rely on the welfare state to provide for them, instead of getting a job
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
Who offered an alternative view to Murray's underclass?
Respuesta
-
Lewis
-
Craine
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
Define cycle of poverty
Respuesta
-
Cycle of poverty explains why poverty persist over generations
-
Cycle of poverty explains what individuals do to cause the persistence of their poverty
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
According to Lewis, what causes a culture of poverty to develop?
Respuesta
-
Factors caused by the individual e.g not taking job opportunities
-
Factors beyond an individuals control e.g low pay
Pregunta 92
Pregunta
According to Marsland, how does the state cause the existence of poverty?
Respuesta
-
The state gives over generous welfare benefits, creating a culture of dependency
-
The state do not provide enough help for the poor, they need more universal benefits and help with seeking jobs
Pregunta 93
Pregunta
Which types of benefits do the New Right prefer?
Respuesta
-
Universal
-
Means tested
Pregunta 94
Pregunta
What are the three elements to the culture of the underclass?
Respuesta
-
Patriarchy, illegitimacy and poor housing
-
Crime, illegitimacy and unemployment
Pregunta 95
Pregunta
What do structural theorists blame for the cause of poverty?
Respuesta
-
Individual
-
Society
Pregunta 96
Pregunta
What is the definition of capitalism?
Respuesta
-
An economic system where the individual is responsible for himself, not profit driven
-
An economic system which means private ownership of means of production, heavily profit driven
Pregunta 97
Pregunta
What do Weberian theories focus on for the existence of poverty?
Respuesta
-
Poverty exists because it perfoms positive functions
-
Poverty is a result of the market position of individuals
Pregunta 98
Pregunta
You have a high market position if your skills are...
Respuesta
-
widely available
-
rare and in demand
Pregunta 99
Pregunta
Feminists say poverty is...
Respuesta
-
an inevitable outcome of a patriarchal structure
-
caused by men being dominant
Pregunta 100
Pregunta
What is Marxist theory known as?
Respuesta
-
A structural, consensus theory
-
A cultural, consensus theory
Pregunta 101
Pregunta
What is the functionalist theory known as?
Respuesta
-
A cultural, conflict theory
-
A structural, consensus theory
Pregunta 102
Pregunta
The feminist theory is a conflict theory
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 103
Pregunta
Which of the following are advantages of universal benefits?
Respuesta
-
No stigma attached as they're free
-
Saves gov. money as there is no eligibility test
-
Reduces culture of dependency
-
Prevents poverty trap - people get them without paying so working won't make them poorer
-
Save the state money as they are given to people who need it
Pregunta 104
Pregunta
What are the disadvantages of universal benefits?
Respuesta
-
Stigma attached
-
Have to test for eligibility
-
Marxists say it tricks workers into thinking society is fair
-
New Right say it creates a culture of dependency
-
Expensive because people may claim without needing them so taxes rise
Pregunta 105
Pregunta
What are the advantages of means tested benefits?
Respuesta
-
Save state money - only given to people who need them
-
Assessed in relation to income
-
Too expensive
-
No stigma attached
-
Reduces culture of dependency
Pregunta 106
Pregunta
What are the disadvantages of means tested benefits?
Respuesta
-
More stigma attached so people may not claim them
-
Assessed in relation to income
-
Creates poverty trap as they are taken away if you start working
-
Can be expensive - have to test eligibility
-
Create a culture of dependency
Pregunta 107
Pregunta
What time period was the labour, conservative, then labour government, after ww2?
Respuesta
-
1940 - 1979
-
1918 - 1940
Pregunta 108
Pregunta
What were the 5 giant evils identified by the Beveridge report in 1942?
Respuesta
-
Want, idleness, disease, squalor and ignorance
-
Patriarchy, capitalism, universal benefits, poor housing and low pay
Pregunta 109
Pregunta
What is the definition of idleness?
Respuesta
-
Ignorance to work
-
Unemployment
Pregunta 110
Pregunta
What was the ww2 government influenced by?
Respuesta
-
Social democratic
-
New Right
Pregunta 111
Pregunta
What year was the NHS established?
Respuesta
-
1948
-
1938
Pregunta 112
Pregunta
Who was Thatcher influenced by in 199-1997?
Respuesta
-
Marxist
-
New Right
Pregunta 113
Pregunta
Poverty fell under the conservatives? (Thatcher)
Respuesta
- True
- False
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