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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Acts that are positively viewed by society.
Respuesta
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Prosocial Behaviour (p. 518)
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Helping Behaviour (p. 518)
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Altruism (p. 519)
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Empathy (p. 522)
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Acts that intentionally benefit someone else.
Respuesta
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Helping Behaviour (p. 518)
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Prosocial Behaviour (p. 518)
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Altruism (p. 519)
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Kin Selection (p. 520)
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
A special form of helping behaviour, sometimes costly, that shows concern for fellow human beings and is performed without expectation of personal gain.
Respuesta
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Altruism (p. 519)
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Mutualism (p. 520)
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Helping Behaviour (p. 518)
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Prosocial Behaviour (p. 518)
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Views complex social behaviour as adaptive, helping the individual, kin and the species as a whole to survive.
Respuesta
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Evolutionary Social Psychology (p. 520)
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Social Learning Theory (p. 528)
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Specific Personality Traits (p. 537-538)
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Social responsibility norm (p. 548)
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Cooperative behaviour benefits the cooperator as well as others; a defector will do worse than a cooperator.
Respuesta
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Mutualism (p. 520)
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Kin Selection (p. 520)
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Physiological Arousal (p. 523)
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Evaluating the Consequences (p. 523)
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Those who cooperate are biased towards blood relatives because it helps propagate their own genes; the lack of direct benefit to the cooperator indicates altruism.
Respuesta
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Kin Selection (p. 520)
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Mutualism (p. 520)
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Labelling the Arousal (p. 523)
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Attachment Style (p. 538)
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Ability to feel another person’s experiences; identifying with and experiencing another person’s emotions, thoughts and attitudes.
Respuesta
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Empathy (p. 522)
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Altruism (p. 519)
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Attribution (p. 529)
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Social responsibility norm (p. 548)
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
In attending to an emergency, the bystander calculates the perceived costs and benefits of providing help compared with those associated with not helping.
Respuesta
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Bystander-Calculus Model (p. 522)
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Physiological Arousal (p. 523)
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Evaluating the Consequences (p. 523)
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Attribution (p. 529)
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What are the three steps in Jane Piliavin's bystander-calculus model of helping?
Respuesta
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Physiological Arousal
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Labelling the Arousal
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Evaluating the Consequences
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Attending to the Arousal
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Insightful evaluation
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Empathetic physiological reaction response. Greater arousal leads to greater helping likelihood.
Respuesta
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Physiological Arousal (p. 523)
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Labelling the Arousal (p. 523)
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Kin Selection (p. 520)
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Specific Personality Traits (p. 537-538)
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The view championed by Bandura that human social behaviour is not innate but learnt from appropriate models.
Respuesta
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Social Learning Theory (p. 528)
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Modelling (p. 526)
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Specific Personality Traits (p. 537-538)
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Social responsibility norm (p. 548)
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real-life or symbolic model. Also called observational learning.
Respuesta
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Modelling (p. 526)
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Attribution (p. 529)
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Altruism (p. 519)
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Empathy (p. 522)
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Acquiring a behaviour after observing that another person was rewarded for it.
Respuesta
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Learning by Vicarious Experience (p. 528)
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Just-World Hypothesis (p. 529)
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Evaluating the Consequences (p. 523)
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Competence (p. 540-541)
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
According to Lerner and Miller, people need to believe that the world is a just place where they get what they deserve. As evidence of undeserved suffering undermines this belief, people may conclude that victims deserve their fate.
Respuesta
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Just-World Hypothesis (p. 529)
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Bystander Effect (p. 530)
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Social responsibility norm (p. 548)
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Bystander Apathy (p. 532)
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
People who feel good are much more likely to help someone in need than are people who feel bad.
Respuesta
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Mood (p. 535-536)
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Specific Personality Traits (p. 537-538)
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Attachment Style (p. 538)
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Size of Home Town (p. 538-539)
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
People who scored high on the attributes of agreeableness, self-transcendence values, empathic self-efficacy, ability to forgive, and capacity to feel embarrassed were more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour.
Respuesta
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Specific Personality Traits (p. 537-538)
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Mood (p. 535-536)
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Attachment Style (p. 538)
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Size of Home Town (p. 538-539)
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Descriptions of the nature of people’s close relationships, thought to be established in childhood.
Respuesta
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Specific Personality Traits (p. 537-538)
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Attachment Style (p. 538)
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Mood (p. 535-536)
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Competence (p. 540-541)
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
People from small-town backgrounds were more likely to help than those from larger cities.
Respuesta
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Size of Home Town (p. 538-539)
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Attachment Style (p. 538)
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Social responsibility norm (p. 548)
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Diffusion of Responsibility (p. 532)
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Often involves an unusual event, can vary in nature, is unplanned and requires a quick response.
Respuesta
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Emergency situation (p. 530)
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Attend to Event (p. 531)
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Assume Responsibility (p. 531)
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Decide what can be done (p. 531)
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
People are less likely to help in an emergency when they are with others than when alone. The greater the number, the less likely it is that anyone will help.
Respuesta
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Bystander Effect (p. 530)
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Emergency situation (p. 530)
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Bystander intervention (p. 529)
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Bystander Apathy (p. 532)
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
The idea that we should help people who are dependent and in need. It is contradicted by another norm that discourages interfering in other people’s lives.
Respuesta
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Social responsibility norm (p. 548)
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Bystander Apathy (p. 532)
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Diffusion of Responsibility (p. 532)
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Specific Personality Traits (p. 537-538)
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
This occurs when an individual breaks out of the role of a bystander and helps another person in an emergency.
Respuesta
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Bystander intervention (p. 529)
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Bystander Effect (p. 530)
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Bystander Apathy (p. 532)
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Emergency situation (p. 530)
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
A theory proposing that the presence of others can inhibit people from responding to an emergency: the more people, the slower the response.
Respuesta
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Latané and Darley’s Cognitive Model (p. 530)
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Social Learning Theory (p. 528)
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Bystander-Calculus Model (p. 522)
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Evolutionary Social Psychology (p. 520)
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
What are the four steps to Latane and Darley's cognitive model.
Respuesta
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Attend to event
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Is event defined as an emergency?
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Assume responsibility
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Decide what can be done
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Stand and wait for someone to act
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Stare at the sky
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Do we even notice an event where helping may be required, such as an accident?
Respuesta
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Attend to Event (p. 531)
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Event Defined as Emergency (p. 531)
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Assume Responsibility (p. 531)
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Decide what can be done (p. 531)
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
How do we interpret the event?
Respuesta
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Event Defined as Emergency (p. 531)
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Attend to Event (p. 531)
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Assume Responsibility (p. 531)
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Decide what can be done (p. 531)
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Do we accept personal responsibility for helping?
Respuesta
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Assume Responsibility (p. 531)
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Decide what can be done (p. 531)
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Event Defined as Emergency (p. 531)
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Attend to Event (p. 531)
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
What do we decide to do?
Respuesta
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Decide what can be done (p. 531)
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Assume Responsibility (p. 531)
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Event Defined as Emergency (p. 531)
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Attend to Event (p. 531)
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Explanations for why people tend not to help when in a group.
Respuesta
-
Bystander Apathy (p. 532)
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Diffusion of Responsibility (p. 532)
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Bystander intervention (p. 529)
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Bystander Effect (p. 530)
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Tendency of an individual to assume that others will take responsibility (as a result, no one does). This is a hypothesised cause of the bystander effect.
Respuesta
-
Diffusion of Responsibility (p. 532)
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Bystander Apathy (p. 532)
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Bystander Effect (p. 530)
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Social responsibility norm (p. 548)
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The dread of acting inappropriately or of making a foolish mistake witnessed by others. The desire to avoid ridicule inhibits effective responses to an emergency by members of a group.
Respuesta
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Fear of Social Blunders (p. 532)
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Diffusion of Responsibility (p. 532)
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Social responsibility norm (p. 548)
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Bystander Effect (p. 530)
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