Physiological Homeostasis

Descripción

Principles of Physiology and Pharmacology Test sobre Physiological Homeostasis, creado por Charlotte Jakes el 24/11/2019.
Charlotte Jakes
Test por Charlotte Jakes, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Charlotte Jakes
Creado por Charlotte Jakes hace alrededor de 5 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
What is the idea of hierarchy of importance in terms of homeostasis?
Respuesta
  • A variable of greater immediate importance may be maintained at the expense of other variables of long term importance
  • A variable of greater long term importance may be maintained at the expense of other variables of short term importance
  • Only the most important out-of-range variable in the body can be altered at any one time

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
An example of the hierarchy of importance in homeostasis is a high salt intake. This increases [blank_start]osmolarity[blank_end] of the blood. Thus, more [blank_start]water[blank_end] moves into the blood. This balances osmolarity but increases [blank_start]plasma volume[blank_end]. Thus, MABP increases which causes [blank_start]hypertension[blank_end] in the long term. Whilst hypertension is undesirable for the body, the more immediate high osmolarity in the blood caused by excessive salt intake must be dealt with in this way.
Respuesta
  • osmolarity
  • water
  • plasma volume
  • hypertension

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
What is the correct name of the mechanism in which: A variable is regulated about set point A change in that variable is compared against that point Deviation from that point leads to a response The response moves the variable back to the set point And turns the response off
Respuesta
  • Negative feedback
  • Positive feedback
  • Feed-forward

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
[blank_start]Sensors[blank_end] - detect changes in the physiological variable [blank_start]Afferent pathway[blank_end] - carries signals from sensors to integrating centre [blank_start]Integrating centre[blank_end] - compares inputs from sensors against physiological set point and elicits a response [blank_start]Efferent pathway[blank_end] - carries signals from integrating centre to effectors [blank_start]Effector[blank_end] - produces a response to bring the physiological variable back to the set point
Respuesta
  • Sensors
  • Afferent pathway
  • Integrating centre
  • Efferent pathway
  • Effector
  • Receptors
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Efferent path
  • Integrating centres
  • Organising centre
  • Central nervous system
  • Afferent path
  • Efferent nerves
  • Responder
  • Peripheral nervous system

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Which of these structures are examples of neuronal integrating centres in the brain?
Respuesta
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Central sulcus
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Occipotal lobe

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
In homeostatic negative feedback mechanisms, what must there be to allow fine-tuning of variables?
Respuesta
  • Two systems with opposing effects (e.g. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system)
  • One system with one effect
  • One system with two different effects

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
This diagram shows the two systems involved in thermoregulation. Label it.
Respuesta
  • Afferent pathway
  • Efferent pathway
  • Afferent pathway
  • Efferent pathway

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
This diagram shows the endocrine systems in the body. Label it.
Respuesta
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Thyroid gland

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
All hypothalamic/pituitary hormones are peptides, polypeptides or glycoproteins
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
This diagram shows the endocrine hormone negative feedback arc controlling blood glucose. Label it.
Respuesta
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
What is a local homeostatic control mechanism?
Respuesta
  • Independent of neuronal/hormonal responses, all components of arc located within same tissue or organ
  • Controlled by neuronal/hormonal responses, all components of arc located within same tissue or organ

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
One example of a local negative feedback mechanism is in skeletal muscle. When skeletal muscle is contracting at a fast rate, there is increased [blank_start]carbon dioxide[blank_end] and [blank_start]lactic acid[blank_end] concentration in the blood. This is sensed in the [blank_start]arterioles[blank_end] which stimulates them to [blank_start]dilate[blank_end]. This increases blood flow to the muscles. This removes [blank_start]carbon dioxide[blank_end] and [blank_start]lactic acid[blank_end] from the tissue and thus their concentrations return to normal.
Respuesta
  • carbon dioxide
  • lactic acid
  • arterioles
  • dilate
  • carbon dioxide
  • lactic acid

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
What is the correct name of the mechanism in which: A change in a variable is anticipated A response to that change is brought about before that change is even actually detected
Respuesta
  • Negative feedback
  • Positive feedback
  • Feed-forward
  • Predictive feedback

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
The fight or flight response is an example of a feed-forward control mechanism. When a threat is perceived, the [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] nervous system anticipates physical exertion whereby the individual will need to fight the threat or flee from it. The sympathetic nervous system activates the release of noradrenaline and [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end] to increase heart [blank_start]rate[blank_end] and blood flow in the [blank_start]muscles[blank_end]. This prepares the body for increased [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] demand.
Respuesta
  • sympathetic
  • adrenaline
  • rate
  • muscles
  • oxygen

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
Feed-forward mechanisms can be the result of learned behaviour. For example... 'Cues' can be associated with an incoming meal. Therefore, this cue will trigger anticipation of [blank_start]digestion[blank_end]. The [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] nervous system stimulates the secretion of [blank_start]saliva[blank_end] and [blank_start]gastric juice[blank_end]. This prepares the body for digestion before food is even ingested.
Respuesta
  • digestion
  • parasympathetic
  • saliva
  • gastric juice

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
What is the correct name of the mechanism in which: A change in a variable triggers a response That response furthers the change in that variable The variable is therefore amplified, not normalised
Respuesta
  • Negative feedback
  • Positive feedback
  • Feed-forward
  • Amplification feedback

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
One example of a positive feedback mechanism is parturition. When the head of the foetus begins to push against the cervix, [blank_start]nerve impulses[blank_end] are transmitted to the brain. The [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] gland is stimulated to secrete [blank_start]oxytocin[blank_end]. This is carried in the [blank_start]bloodstream[blank_end] to the uterus. It then stimulates uterine [blank_start]contractions[blank_end] which push the baby towards the cervix. Therefore, the [blank_start]pituitary gland[blank_end] will be stimulated even more so more [blank_start]oxytocin[blank_end] will be secreted. The mechanism is terminated when the baby is born.
Respuesta
  • nerve impulses
  • pituitary
  • oxytocin
  • bloodstream
  • pituitary gland
  • contractions
  • oxytocin

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
Hormones are derived from steroids only
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
Select all the properties that apply to peptide/protein/glycoprotein hormones.
Respuesta
  • Membrane-bound receptors
  • Second messenger mechanism to change enzyme activity
  • Rapid response
  • Intracellular receptors
  • Alter gene transcription
  • Slow response

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
Select all the properties that apply to steroid and thyroid hormones
Respuesta
  • Membrane-bound receptors
  • Second messenger mechanism to change enzyme activity
  • Rapid response
  • Intracellular receptors
  • Alter gene transcription
  • Slow response
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