20372325
Descripción
Test por Emily Doyle, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Emily Doyle
hace más de 4 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?
Respuesta
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High body surface-to-body size ratio
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Slow metabolic rate
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Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
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Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?
Respuesta
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Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
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The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
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The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults.
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The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L;
carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Respuesta
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Respiratory alkalosis
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Metabolic acidosis
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Respiratory acidosis
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Metabolic alkalosis
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid
(ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?
Respuesta
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Osmotic forces
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Plasma oncotic pressure
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Antidiuretic hormone
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Hydrostatic forces
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma
and interstitial fluid spaces?
Respuesta
-
Oncotic pressure
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Buffering
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Net filtration
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Hydrostatic pressure
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Respuesta
-
Capillary hydrostatic
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Interstitial hydrostatic
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Capillary oncotic
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Interstitial oncotic
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space?
Respuesta
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Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
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Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
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Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
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Capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
Respuesta
-
Capillary hydrostatic
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Interstitial hydrostatic
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Plasma oncotic
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Interstitial oncotic
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?
Respuesta
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Decrease in serum sodium
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Increase in plasma osmolality
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Increase in glomerular filtration rate
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Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?
Respuesta
-
Antidiuretic hormone
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Aldosterone
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Osmotic pressure
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?
Respuesta
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Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
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Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
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Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
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Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes,
what type of alteration occurs?
Respuesta
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Isotonic
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Hypertonic
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Hypotonic
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Normotonic
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood
volume is reduced?
Respuesta
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Angiotensin I
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Angiotensin II
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Aldosterone
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Renin
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional
assess for?
Respuesta
-
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
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Hypersecretion of aldosterone
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Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
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Excessive diuretic therapy
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that
the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are
caused by what mechanism?
Respuesta
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High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
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High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell.
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Low sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows the synapses in the brain.
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Low sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?
Respuesta
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Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
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Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium
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Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
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Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Respuesta
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Sodium depletion
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Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
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Increased plasma oncotic pressure
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Lymphatic obstruction
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
Respuesta
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Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium
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Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
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Transports potassium from the blood into the cell along with glucose
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Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, inactivating it
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of
nerve impulses is the ratio between what?
Respuesta
-
Intracellular and extracellular Na+
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Intracellular and extracellular K+
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Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
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Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Respuesta
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Oxygen
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Sodium
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Potassium
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Magnesium
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional
assess for hyperkalemia?
Respuesta
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Vomiting
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Renal failure
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Hyperaldosteronism
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells’ resting membrane potential?
Respuesta
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Hypopolarization
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Hyperexcitability
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Depolarization
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Repolarization
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
A patient’s chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional
what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?
Respuesta
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Anxiety leads to Kussmaul respirations and is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
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A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
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Diabetic ketoacidosis is leading to metabolic acidosis
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More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient’s facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What
electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?
Respuesta
-
K+: 2.8 mEq/L
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K+: 5.4 mEq/L
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Ca++: 8.2 mg/dL
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Ca++: 12.9 mg/dL
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to
this behavior?
Respuesta
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Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
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Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
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Sodium 149 mEq/L
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Potassium 2.5 mEq/L
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional
assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?
Respuesta
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Hepatitis
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Renal failure
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Trauma to the hypothalamus
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Pancreatitis
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic
acid (H2CO3) exist in what ratio?
Respuesta
-
20:1
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1:20
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10:2
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10:5
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Where is two thirds of the body’s water found?
Respuesta
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Interstitial fluid spaces
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Vascular system
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Intracellular fluid compartments
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Intraocular fluids
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which
electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?
Respuesta
-
Sodium
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Potassium
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Calcium
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Magnesium
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Why does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure result in edema?
Respuesta
-
Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
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Inflammation resulting from an immune response
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Blockage within the lymphatic channel system
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Sodium and water retention
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
A patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or
assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?
Respuesta
-
Positive Chvostek sign
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Serum potassium 6.7 mEq/L
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Nausea and vomiting
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Serum sodium 138 mEq/L
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