Pregunta 1
Pregunta
[blank_start]Idiographic[blank_end] theories are concerned with individuals; [blank_start]nomothetic[blank_end] approaches are concerned with large numbers of people.
Respuesta
-
Idiographic
-
Nomothetic
-
nomothetic
-
idiographic
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Of Piaget's stages, which one is the first?
Respuesta
-
Sensorimotor
-
Preoperational
-
Concrete operational
-
Formal operational
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
This indicates the percentage of individuals who answered a test item correctly.
Respuesta
-
Discrimination index
-
Difficulty index
-
Confidence interval
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
[blank_start]Ipsative[blank_end] measures compare traits within the same individual, and do not compare a person to other persons who took the instrument.
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
A/An [blank_start]normative[blank_end] interpretation is one in which the individual's score is evaluated by comparing it to others who took the same test.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
In constructing a test, experts nearly always consider this to be most important:
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
A reliable test is always valid.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
A valid test is always reliable.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Reliability coefficients are variance estimates, meaning that the coefficient denotes the amount of true score variance.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Reliability coefficients in the [blank_start]0.80s[blank_end] are desirable for screening tests.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
This individual believed that intelligence is primarily genetic and a "unitary" factor.
Respuesta
-
Charles Spearman
-
Francis Galton
-
J.P. Guilford
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
What are the mean and standard deviation for the WAIS-IV?
Respuesta
-
10; 3
-
100; 15
-
115; 10
-
100; 10
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Interest inventories work best with individuals of high school age or above because:
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
A [blank_start]low[blank_end] standard error of measurement (SEM) means high reliability.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
The SEM tells us the variance around a particular score for an individual.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
[blank_start]Increasing[blank_end] a test's length raises reliability.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
How many stages encompass Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development?
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
In Freudian theory, the id operates on the [blank_start]pleasure[blank_end] principle, and the ego operates on the [blank_start]reality[blank_end] principle.
Respuesta
-
pleasure
-
reality
-
reality
-
pleasure
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
The superego, or ego ideal, attempts to balance the id and ego.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
According to Freud, a dream's surface meaning is referred to as the [blank_start]manifest[blank_end] content, and a dream's hidden meaning is referred to as the [blank_start]latent[blank_end] content.
Respuesta
-
manifest
-
latent
-
latent
-
manifest
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
The most important concept in Freud's theory is the unconscious mind.
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
The [blank_start]conscious[blank_end] mind is aware of the immediate environment; the [blank_start]preconscious[blank_end] mind can bring ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with little difficulty; and the [blank_start]unconscious[blank_end] contains material which is unknown or hidden from the client.
Respuesta
-
conscious
-
preconscious
-
unconscious
-
preconscious
-
conscious
-
unconscious
-
unconscious
-
conscious
-
preconscious
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
In this type of thinking, things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong:
Respuesta
-
Relativistic
-
Dualistic
-
Individualistic
-
Collectivist
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
The correct order of Jean Piaget's developmental stages are as follows: [blank_start]sensorimotor[blank_end], [blank_start]preoperations[blank_end], [blank_start]concrete operations[blank_end], and [blank_start]formal operations[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
sensorimotor
-
preoperations
-
concrete operations
-
formal operations
-
preoperations
-
sensorimotor
-
concrete operations
-
formal operations
-
concrete operations
-
formal operations
-
formal operations
-
concrete operations
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
This individual created the first intelligence test:
Respuesta
-
David Wechsler
-
Alfred Binet
-
Charles Spearman
-
Sir Francis Galton
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
[blank_start]Plasticity[blank_end] means the capacity to change.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Lev Vygotsky's theory of development emphasized the role that culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors can be best described as occurring when group members learn how they come across to others and what others think of them?
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
This can be described as the expression of both positive and negative feelings:
Respuesta
-
Family reenactment
-
Catharsis
-
Identification
-
Self-understanding
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
You suggested that your client, Rob, join a group for young fathers. He reports to you that after attending a couple sessions, he feels a sense of belonging to the group and feels understood and accepted by the other members. Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is being described?
Respuesta
-
Universality
-
Identification
-
Instillation of hope
-
Group cohesiveness
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
This type of test compares a person's test score to a predetermined standard or level of performance:
Respuesta
-
Norm-referenced
-
Criterion-referenced
-
Portfolio assessment
-
Environmental assessment
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Multiple-choice and true/false questions would appear on this type of test:
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Which of the following is *not* a measure of central tendency?
Respuesta
-
Mean
-
Median
-
Mode
-
Standard deviation
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Which measure of central tendency can be found by summing all the values in the group, then dividing that sum by the number of values in the group (indicated by the equation M = ΣX/N)?
Respuesta
-
Mode
-
Median
-
Mean
-
None of these
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -1 and +1 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
An [blank_start]aptitude[blank_end] test is a test that predicts a person's capacity to perform some skill or task in the future; an [blank_start]achievement[blank_end] test is a test that measures knowledge a person has acquired through instruction or training up to a certain point in his or her academic career.
Respuesta
-
aptitude
-
achievement
-
achievement
-
aptitude
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
This type of scale simply classifies data into non-ordered, mutually exclusive categories; numbers stand for names or categories:
Respuesta
-
Nominal
-
Ordinal
-
Interval
-
Ratio
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
A higher standard deviation indicates less variability in scores.
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
This measure of variability is found by calculating the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution:
Respuesta
-
Range
-
Standard deviation
-
Median
-
Mean
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
This type of test tests for a significant difference between three or more groups:
Respuesta
-
ANOVA
-
t-test
-
Pearson's r
-
t-score
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
If you [blank_start]accept[blank_end] the null hypothesis, you are taking the position that there is no significant difference between groups in an experiment.
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
In which of Piaget's stages would a child master the concept of conservation?
Respuesta
-
Sensorimotor
-
Preoperations
-
Concrete operations
-
Formal operations
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Kohlberg's theory of moral development has [blank_start]3[blank_end] levels, with each broken down further into [blank_start]2[blank_end] stages.
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
"RS" in the counseling field is shorthand for:
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
You are out mowing your lawn one Saturday afternoon when your neighbor, Evan, strikes up a conversation with you in which he says, "I know my daughter is only being good today because she knows she will get ice cream later." Given this information, you can surmise that his daughter is in what stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg?
Respuesta
-
Preconventional
-
Conventional
-
Postconventional
-
Preoperational
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
In Kohlberg's highest level of morality, postconventional morality, the individual is primarily concerned with conforming to the roles in society and living up to the expectations of society.
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
In a research experiment, this variable has the potential to affect the dependent variable, but the researcher is aware of it beforehand:
Respuesta
-
control variable
-
extraneous variable
-
moderator variable
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
A p value of .05 means that there is a 95% chance that the null hypothesis is false. Another way of stating this is:
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Which measure of central tendency is defined as the exact midpoint of a distribution?
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Which measure of central tendency is defined as the most frequently occurring value?
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Which measure of central tendency would you want to use if you have extreme scores and do not want to distort the data?
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
A z-score is the same thing as a standard score.
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Individual changes, task changes, and a limited sample are examples of:
Respuesta
-
Systematic error
-
Unsystematic error
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
The average correlation among items within a test or scale is known as its internal [blank_start]consistency[blank_end].
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Based on statistical properties of the normal curve, about what percentage of scores fall in the interval from 2 standard deviations below the mean to 2 standard deviations above the mean?
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
[blank_start]Validity[blank_end] considers the degree to which test scores measure what the test claims to measure.
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
This type of validity is derived from the obvious appearance of the measure itself and its test items:
Respuesta
-
Face
-
Construct
-
Concurrent
-
Predictive
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
This statistic denotes the relationship between predictor and criterion measures:
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
When a counselor is displaying [blank_start]congruence[blank_end], there is no conflict between their feelings and actions. There is a match between their internal state and external expression of that state.
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
The skill in [blank_start]unconditional positive regard[blank_end] is to maintain your attitude of valuing the client and expressing care and concern for them as a human being, even as they reveal undesirable behaviors.
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
The state of being authentic or truthful is known as [blank_start]genuineness[blank_end].
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
This refers to the ability to deeply sense a client's worldview as if it were your own:
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
This counseling skill involves acknowledging a client's positive behaviors, as well as helping them recognize their negative behaviors and develop alternative, more positive methods of feeling, thinking, and behaving:
Respuesta
-
Attending
-
Summarizing
-
Focusing
-
Feedback
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
Culturally [blank_start]homogeneous[blank_end] groups are ones that are similar on ethnic and cultural dimensions.
Respuesta
-
homogeneous
-
heterogeneous
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
The notion that group members benefit from helping one another is known as:
Respuesta
-
Altruism
-
Universality
-
Instillation of hope
-
Imparting of information
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
This theorist, who thought it important to focus on clients' birth orders and sibling relationships, also believed that one's interpretations of childhood experiences matters more than the actual events:
Respuesta
-
Carl Jung
-
Sigmund Freud
-
Alfred Adler
-
Erik Erikson
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
According to Adler, this is an imagined life goal that guides a person's behavior:
Respuesta
-
Lifestyle
-
Social interest
-
Anima or animus
-
Fictional finalism
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
According to existential theory, this type of anxiety is manifested as an appropriate response to an event, and can be used as a motivation to change:
Respuesta
-
existential
-
neurotic
-
normal
-
reality
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
B. F. Skinner is associated with [blank_start]operant[blank_end] conditioning.
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of [blank_start]classical[blank_end] conditioning.
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
Which Holland code is the rarest?
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
When a distribution is positively skewed, the tail is pointing to the:
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
If a distribution is positively skewed, then one could assume that many scores are above average and it may have been an easy exam.
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
In a positively skewed distribution, the tail points to the left.
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
When a distribution is negatively skewed, the tail is pointing to the:
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
If a distribution is negatively skewed, then one could assume that many scores are below the average and it may have been a difficult exam.
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
In a negatively skewed distribution, the tail points to the right.
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
With z-scores, positive/negative signs are not very important.
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
What are the mean and standard deviation for t-scores?
Respuesta
-
50; 10
-
500; 100
-
100; 15
-
10; 3
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
What are the mean and standard deviation for Deviation IQ?
Respuesta
-
100; 15
-
50; 10
-
500; 100
-
10; 3
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
[blank_start]Kurtosis[blank_end] is the degree of peakedness in a distribution.
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
Which type of kurtosis has an arrangement of values that follow a bell or normal curve?
Respuesta
-
Leptokurtic
-
Mesokurtic
-
Platykurtic
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
In this type of kurtosis, the majority of scores are clustered around a value at the midpoint, and a few extreme scores tapering off on either side:
Respuesta
-
Platykurtic
-
Leptokurtic
-
Mesokurtic
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
Which type of kurtosis has more scores at the extremes and fewer in the center?
Respuesta
-
Mesokurtic
-
Leptokurtic
-
Platykurtic
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
In this type of kurtosis, more scores are in the center of the distribution, with fewer at either extreme:
Respuesta
-
Mesokurtic
-
Platykurtic
-
Leptokurtic
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
The term 'assessment' can be used synonymously with 'appraisal.'
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
This is a quantity of some construct or concept, such as anxiety or math skill:
Respuesta
-
Test
-
Measure
-
Appraisal
-
Standardization
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
A [blank_start]psychological test[blank_end] is a standardized procedure for sampling behavior and describing it with categories or scores, then compared to norms.
Respuesta
-
psychological test
-
measure
-
behavioral observation
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
[blank_start]Standardization[blank_end] is the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Respuesta
-
Standardization
-
Assessment
-
Appraisal
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
With objective tests, there is a very low likelihood of examiners independently agreeing on a client's score on a given sample of behavior.
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
Screening and assessment are synonymous with one another.
Pregunta 92
Pregunta
In testing, this occurs when items are not sufficiently difficult and cannot accurately measure high performers:
Respuesta
-
ceiling effect
-
floor effect
-
item discrimination
-
item difficulty
Pregunta 93
Pregunta
Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to an individual of middle-school age:
Respuesta
-
WAIS-IV
-
WISC-IV
-
WPPSI-III
Pregunta 94
Pregunta
Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to an individual who is of "traditional" college-age:
Respuesta
-
WISC-IV
-
WPPSI-III
-
WAIS-IV
Pregunta 95
Pregunta
Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to a preschool-age child:
Respuesta
-
WAIS-IV
-
WPPSI-III
-
WISC-IV
Pregunta 96
Pregunta
What are the mean and standard deviation for subtests in the Wechsler intelligence tests?
Pregunta 97
Pregunta
What are the mean and standard deviation for the Wechsler intelligence tests?
Respuesta
-
10; 3
-
100; 10
-
100; 15
-
50; 10
Pregunta 98
Pregunta
You administered the WAIS-IV to your client, Ethan, and reported to him that he scored within -1 to +1 standard deviations from the mean. This would mean that his standardized score fell somewhere between:
Respuesta
-
115-145
-
90-105
-
85-115
-
100-115
Pregunta 99
Pregunta
Which psychologist proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Respuesta
-
Guilford
-
Cattell
-
Wechsler
-
Gardner
Pregunta 100
Pregunta
[blank_start]Fluid[blank_end] intelligence can be defined as the ability to reason and think flexibly, and is considered independent of education of experience; [blank_start]crystallized[blank_end] intelligence can be defined as the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired through life and are improved through learning.
Respuesta
-
Fluid
-
Crystallized
-
crystallized
-
fluid
Pregunta 101
Pregunta
[blank_start]Crystallized[blank_end] intelligence increases as we age; [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] intelligence drops off as we age.
Respuesta
-
Crystallized
-
Fluid
-
fluid
-
crystallized
Pregunta 102
Pregunta
Fluid intelligence increases with age.
Pregunta 103
Pregunta
A method of assessing the best performance of which an examinee is capable is known as a:
Respuesta
-
Performance assessment
-
Direct behavioral assessment
-
Maximum performance measurement
-
Typical performance measurement
Pregunta 104
Pregunta
A type of behavioral observation in which the counselor documents in narrative format what was observed is known as a/an:
Pregunta 105
Pregunta
Pearson's r, regression, and ANOVA are examples of:
Respuesta
-
nonparametric statistics
-
parametric statistics
-
none of these
Pregunta 106
Pregunta
Nonparametric statistics rely on the normal curve and the assumption of normality.
Pregunta 107
Pregunta
The amount of variance that is accounted for in one variable by the other variable is known as the:
Respuesta
-
Pearson product-moment correlation (Pearson's r)
-
Coefficient of alienation
-
Coefficient of determination
-
Spearman's correlation
Pregunta 108
Pregunta
A potential issue in doing data collection through observation of behavior, the counselor may unintentionally change the definition of the behavior and lose objectivity. This is known as:
Respuesta
-
observer bias
-
observer drift
-
Halo effect
-
Hawthorne effect
Pregunta 109
Pregunta
The [blank_start]central tendency error[blank_end] is the propensity to respond with moderate or centrist descriptions rather than using descriptions that lean toward the extremes of a rating scale.
Pregunta 110
Pregunta
Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is described as being related to themes such as responsibility, death, freedom, isolation, and purpose?
Respuesta
-
Altruism
-
Catharsis
-
Existential factors
-
Imparting of information
Pregunta 111
Pregunta
In the context of group therapy, this occurs when group members realize that other members experience similar thoughts, feelings, and issues:
Pregunta 112
Pregunta
The process through which group members are enabled to free themselves from old roles and test new behaviors is known as:
Pregunta 113
Pregunta
When the group leader or other member(s) pass on beneficial information regarding the problem and/or solution to other members, this is known as:
Pregunta 114
Pregunta
When group members feel more trustful of groups and learn how to relate to other members, [blank_start]interpersonal learning output[blank_end] has occurred.
Pregunta 115
Pregunta
You referred your client, Jules, to a group for women struggling with postpartum depression. After a few group sessions, she says to you that she has observed improvement in others who have similar problems, and believe that she will also improve with the group's help. Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is at work?
Pregunta 116
Pregunta
This occurs when group members discover and accept previously unknown or unacceptable parts of themselves:
Pregunta 117
Pregunta
Your client, Jules, reports to you that she has noticed herself modeling certain behaviors that she sees in other members. According to Yalom, this therapeutic factor has occurred:
Pregunta 118
Pregunta
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, most children operate at the [blank_start]preconventional[blank_end] level, and most adolescents operate at the [blank_start]conventional[blank_end] level.
Respuesta
-
preconventional
-
conventional
-
conventional
-
post-conventional
Pregunta 119
Pregunta
Which theorist put forth an Identity Status theory of social development, which categorizes four main points or stations along the continuum of identity development?
Respuesta
-
Erikson
-
Havighurst
-
Marcia
-
Piaget
Pregunta 120
Pregunta
Your adolescent client has struggled to make any real progress in deciding an occupation or ideology of her own. She seems to be "floating" through her life. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, she would be in this state:
Respuesta
-
Foreclosure
-
Diffusion
-
Moratorium
-
Achievement
Pregunta 121
Pregunta
Another of your adolescent clients seems to have "blindly" accepted the ideology / value system of their family, without doing his own exploration to determine what's important to him. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, he would be in this state:
Respuesta
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
-
Moratorium
-
Achievement
Pregunta 122
Pregunta
One of your adolescent clients seems to have reached a state of clarity regarding her identity, and has committed to her own set of autonomously made values and goals. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, she would be in this state:
Respuesta
-
Moratorium
-
Achievement
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
Pregunta 123
Pregunta
Another of your adolescent clients has made little to no commitment to an ideology or occupation, but he is also experimenting with many different values, beliefs, and goals. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, he would be in this state:
Respuesta
-
Achievement
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
-
Moratorium
Pregunta 124
Pregunta
Regarding Marcia's theory, identity foreclosure is marked by a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of commitment, whereas identity moratorium is marked by a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of commitment.
Respuesta
-
low
-
high
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
low
-
low
-
high
Pregunta 125
Pregunta
Regarding Marcia's theory, identity diffusion is marked by a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of commitment, whereas identity achievement is marked by a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of commitment.
Respuesta
-
low
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
low
Pregunta 126
Pregunta
In an experimental research design, it is the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable that is being manipulated, and it is the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable that is being studied.
Respuesta
-
independent
-
dependent
-
dependent
-
independent
Pregunta 127
Pregunta
Researchers wanted to study the effects of blood alcohol level on reaction time. In this experiment, blood alcohol level would be the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable, and reaction time would be the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable.
Respuesta
-
independent
-
dependent
-
dependent
-
independent
Pregunta 128
Pregunta
Observational, case study, and survey methods are all examples of this type of research:
Respuesta
-
Descriptive
-
Experimental
-
Correlational
-
Quasi-experimental
Pregunta 129
Pregunta
Correlational research is synonymous with experimental research.
Pregunta 130
Pregunta
Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -2 and +2 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Pregunta 131
Pregunta
Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -1 and +1 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Pregunta 132
Pregunta
Which type of test is interpreted by comparing a respondent's score to the performance of a standardization group?
Respuesta
-
Criterion-referenced
-
Norm-referenced
-
Achievement test
-
Aptitude test
Pregunta 133
Pregunta
Which of the following best describes "standard deviation"?
Respuesta
-
the difference between the highest and lowest scores
-
the arithmetic average of a set of scores
-
the average amount that scores vary from the mean
-
a standard score
Pregunta 134
Pregunta
In the language of career counseling, this refers to the degree of relatedness within personality types or environmental models:
Respuesta
-
congruence
-
consistency
-
differentiation
-
identity
Pregunta 135
Pregunta
In the language of career counseling, this refers to the degree of fit between personality types and environmental models:
Respuesta
-
congruence
-
consistency
-
differentiation
-
identity