Vitamins

Check all the water-soluble vitamins.

Check all the fat-soluble vitamins.

Which class of vitamins is stored, not absorbed/excreted easily and may be toxic in excess?

Which class of vitamins is not stored, requires regular intake and is generally not toxic in excess?

[blank_start]Primary[blank_end] vitamin deficiency is caused by insufficient intake. [blank_start]Secondary[blank_end] vitamin deficiency is caused by an underlying disorder such as malabsorption. [blank_start]Iatrogenic[blank_end] vitamin deficiency is caused by medical treatment.

Which vitamin is ascorbic acid?

Vitamin C is an anti-oxidant nutrient.

Vitamin C is classed as an [blank_start]anti-oxidant[blank_end] nutrient. This means it inhibits [blank_start]oxidation[blank_end] reactions. For example, it facilitates hydroxylation of proline and [blank_start]lysine[blank_end] in [blank_start]collagen[blank_end] formation by maintaining iron in its [blank_start]2+[blank_end] oxidation state. Vitamin C also reduces dietary Fe([blank_start]III[blank_end]) to Fe([blank_start]II[blank_end]) in the stomach to make it available for [blank_start]absorption[blank_end].

A well-fed body has a [blank_start]6[blank_end] month store of vitamin C. Symptoms of [blank_start]scurvy[blank_end] - vitamin C deficiency - begin to present [blank_start]3[blank_end] months into a vitamin C deficient diet. The symptoms of scurvy include f[blank_start]atigue[blank_end], depression, g[blank_start]ingivitis[blank_end] and impaired wound healing.

What daily dose of vitamin C can lead to diarrhea, nausea, heartburn and gastritis?

All B group vitamins act as co-enzymes in metabolic pathways.

Check the reasons for vitamin B deficiency being common amongst alcoholics.

Fill in the blanks below to give the common names of each of the B group vitamins. Vitamin B1 - [blank_start]thiamin[blank_end] Vitamin B2 - [blank_start]riboflavin[blank_end] Vitamin B3 - [blank_start]niacin[blank_end] Vitamin B4 - [blank_start]pathotenic acid[blank_end] Vitamin B6 - [blank_start]pyridoxine[blank_end] Vitamin B7- [blank_start]biotin[blank_end] Vitamin B9 - [blank_start]folate[blank_end] Vitamin B12 - [blank_start]cobalamin[blank_end]

Why does lactate accummulate in the muscles in vitamin B1/thiamin deficiency?

What are thiaminases?

[blank_start]Wet beriberi[blank_end] is characterised by shortness of breath during physical activity, rapid heart rate, enlarged heart and oedema in the lower legs. [blank_start]Dry beriberi[blank_end] is characterised by decreased muscle function, tingling in the feet and hands and confusion. [blank_start]Wernicke-Korsakoff[blank_end] syndrome is characterised by confusion, ataxia causing leg tremors, abnormal eye movements. it is seen mainly in alcoholics.

Wet/dry beriberi and Wernicke/Korsakoff syndrome are caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?

What is vitamin B2/riboflavin a precursor of?

Why are diets with inadequate protein intake likely to be inadequate in riboflavin also?

Deficiency of which vitamin results in cheilosis (inflammation of the lips), angular stomatitis (inflammation in the corners of the mouth) and cataracts?

What name is given to chemical compounds that have a similar molecular structure and will relieve a particular vitamin deficiency?

What are the vitamers of vitamin B3/niacin?

Vitamin B3/niacin is a precursor to both NAD and NADP.

Why do high-protein diets have no additional requirement for niacin?

What name is given to vitamin B3/niacin deficiency?

The symptoms of pellagra include the 4 D's. What are they?

Vitamin B5 is also known as [blank_start]panthotenic acid[blank_end]. It is used in h[blank_start]aemotopoiesis[blank_end] and metabolism where it forms a component of [blank_start]coenzyme A[blank_end].

A deficiency of which vitamin is characterised by numbing of the hands and feet, headache, irritability and restlessness?

Which vitamin is a prosthetic group for carboxylations, for example the formation of malonyl CoA from acetyl CoA?

Vitamin B7 deficiency commonly occurs due to long term antibiotic therapy resulting in sterilisation of the GI tract.

The active form of vitamin B6, or [blank_start]pyridoxine[blank_end], is [blank_start]pyridoxal phopshate[blank_end]. This is requires for transaminations and [blank_start]deaminations[blank_end] in amino acid [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end] and the synthesis of [blank_start]haem[blank_end].

Deficiency of vitamin B6/pyridoxine is secondary to the presence of antagonists, such as isoniazid in the treatment of TB.

Which vitamin can be used in the treatment of seizures, Down's syndrome and autism?

Which B group vitamin forms a carrier of 1C units required in purine/pyramidine synthesis, amino acid metabolism etc?

Vitamin B9 supplements in pregnancy reduce the risk of what?

VItamin B12/cobalamin is a carrier of methyl groups in metabolism, for example in the metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids.

What is a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?

Fill in the blanks below to describe the link between vitamin B9/folate deficiency and vitamin B12/cobalamin deficiency. Folate is converted to [blank_start]tetrahydrofolate[blank_end] which forms a pool of derivatives, each with [blank_start]one[blank_end] carbon. All of these derivatives are [blank_start]interconvertible[blank_end] except for [blank_start]methyl tetrahydrofolate[blank_end]. [blank_start]Vitamin B12[blank_end] is required for the conversion of [blank_start]methyl tetrahydrofolate[blank_end] to [blank_start]tetrahydrofolate[blank_end]. Therefore, both folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies show low levels of [blank_start]tetrahydrofolate[blank_end].

Low levels of [blank_start]tetrahydrofolate[blank_end] result in inadequate [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] synthesis. Haemopoietic cells die i the [blank_start]bone marrow[blank_end] without completing their [blank_start]cell cycle[blank_end]. This causes [blank_start]megaloblastic[blank_end] anaemia - the body forms fewer enlarged [blank_start]red blood[blank_end] cells which cannot exit the bone marrow. Symptoms of megaloblastic anaemia include f[blank_start]atigue[blank_end] and shortness of breath.

Deficiency of which B group vitamin causes myelin impairment due to its involvement in synthesis and maintenance?

Why does vitamin B12 deficiency cause numbness in the arms and hands, loss of position sense, unsteadiness and confusion?

Which fat-soluble vitamin is also referred to as retinol?

One of the active forms of [blank_start]vitamin A[blank_end]/retinol is [blank_start]retinoic acid[blank_end]. This is a hormone that binds to specific [blank_start]cytosolic[blank_end] receptors to affect gene [blank_start]expression[blank_end]. Another active form is [blank_start]retinal[blank_end]. This is involved in vision via the conversion of light energy to optical nerve impulses in the [blank_start]rod cells[blank_end].

Deficiency of which fat-soluble vitamin causes night blindness?

A deficiency of vitamin A/[blank_start]retinol[blank_end] can prevent epithelial cells from [blank_start]synthesising[blank_end] mucopolysaccharides. This leads to progressive [blank_start]keratinisation[blank_end] of the cornea (xeropthalmia) followed by clouding and drying of the cornea ([blank_start]keratomalacia[blank_end]) which leads to irreversible [blank_start]blindness[blank_end].

When is vitamin A toxicity possible?

Which vitamin helps to maintain membrane structure and prostaglandin metabolism by preventing oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by free radicals?

Why does vitamin E deficiency occur in premature, low birth weight infants?

Why is vitamin E deficiency characterised by haemolytic anaemia?

Vitamin D3 or [blank_start]cholecalciferol[blank_end] binds to [blank_start]intracellular[blank_end] receptors that interact with DNA. Vitamin D2 or [blank_start]ergocalciferol[blank_end] and cholecalciferol maintain correct plasma [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] and phosphate levels. This helps to achieve proper bone [blank_start]mineralisation[blank_end].

Rickets is a reduction of the mineral:matrix bone ratio.

Osteomalacia is a reduction of the mineral:matrix bone ratio.

Osteoporosis is a reduction in the mineral:matrix bone ratio.

What condition caused by vitamin D deficiency results in the bending of long bones, kyphosis (rounding of the upper back due to excessive curvature of the spine) and delayed tooth eruption?

High levels of Vitamin D can cause [blank_start]hypercalcaemia[blank_end]. This causes nausea, v[blank_start]omiting[blank_end] and weakness. It can also cause [blank_start]calcification[blank_end] of the heart, lungs and kidneys.

UV light acts on cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol precursors in the skin to give their active forms.

Which fat-soluble vitamin is required for blood clotting, bone metabolism and the regulation of blood calcium levels?

Vitamin K can be synthesised by the gut flora of the jejunum and ileum.

Why are infants vulnerable to intracranial haemorrhages?

Toxicity of which fat-soluble vitamin can block oral anticoagulants, cause haemolytic anaemia and hyperbilirubinemia?