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respiration

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human physiology Test sobre respiration, creado por Y Y el 08/01/2020.
Y Y
Test por Y Y, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Y Y hace casi 5 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
inspiration occurs as a result of
Respuesta
  • an upward movement of the diaphragm
  • movement of the ribs closer together due to the contraction of the inspiratory intercostal muscles
  • downward movement of the diaphragm
  • a and b
  • b and c

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
in order for the lungs to function normally, the intrapleural pressure must
Respuesta
  • be lower than alveolar pressure
  • be between +5 and +10mmHg above the atmospheric pressure
  • alternate between being less than and greater than the atmospheric pressure
  • change as respiratory demands of the body change
  • be the same as the atmospheric pressure

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
most of the CO2 that is transported in blood is
Respuesta
  • dissolved in the plasma
  • bound to haemoglobin
  • in carbonic acid
  • in bicarbonate ions
  • in carbonic anhydrase

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
in which vesicular bed does hypoxia cause vasconstriction
Respuesta
  • coronary
  • pulmonary
  • cerebral
  • muscle
  • skin

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
which of the following is the site of the highest airway resisitance
Respuesta
  • mouth
  • largest bronchi
  • medium sized bronchi
  • smallest bronchi
  • alveoli

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
compared with the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation has a:
Respuesta
  • higher flow
  • lower resistance
  • higher arterial pressure
  • higher capillary pressure
  • higher cardiac output

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
hypoventilation will cause
Respuesta
  • hypercapnia
  • anoxia
  • hypoxia
  • hypocapnia
  • a and c

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
which of the following events is caused by an increased pCO2 in tissues
Respuesta
  • increased pH
  • decreased association between hemoglobin and O2
  • decreased pH
  • vasodilatation
  • b and c

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
vital capacity include
Respuesta
  • tidal volume
  • expiratory reserve volume
  • residual volume
  • inspiratory reserve volume
  • a, b, and d

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
which muscles contract in quiet breathing
Respuesta
  • abdominal
  • external intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
  • pectoral muscle
  • b and c

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
which of the following events are sympathetic effects
Respuesta
  • vasoconstriction in the lungs
  • dilation of the bronchi
  • vasodilation in the lungs
  • constriction of the bronchi
  • a and b

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
which of the following is related to the respiratory function of the lungs
Respuesta
  • regulation of lung blood pressure
  • lung ventilation
  • diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and blood
  • fat metabolism
  • b and c

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
which factors affect the gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane
Respuesta
  • membrane thickness
  • membrane area
  • tidal volume
  • diffusion quotient
  • a and b

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
gas exchange in the respiratory system of humans takes place in the
Respuesta
  • trachea
  • bronchus
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • larynx

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
as regards the distribution of ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q), the V/Q ratio
Respuesta
  • gradient of change of ventilation is greater than that of perfusion
  • ventilation increases up the lung
  • perfusion increases up the lung
  • at apex is greater than at base in prone position
  • none of the above

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
surfactant
Respuesta
  • is produced by type I alveolar cells
  • acts like detergent in water
  • reduces the amount of negative intrapleural pressure
  • reduces blood flow to the lungs
  • increases pulmonary compliance

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
carbon dioxide transport is
Respuesta
  • 70% dissolved in plasma
  • 70% as a carbamino hemoglobin
  • 70% as bicarbonates
  • 10% as bicarbonates
  • unaffected by pO2

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
obligatory respiratory muscles are
Respuesta
  • the diaphragm and mm. intercostales interni
  • the diaphragm and mm. intercostales externi
  • mm.abdominales
  • mm. serrati posteriores inferiores
  • all of the above

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
the bronchial muscles relax under the influence of
Respuesta
  • epinephrine
  • atropine
  • epinephrine and atropine
  • bradikinine and histamine
  • acetylcholine

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
for the surfactant it is true that
Respuesta
  • is produced by type II alveolar cells
  • consists of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates
  • decreases the alveolar surface tension at the end of expiration
  • protects the lungs from atelectasis and edema
  • all of the above

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
for the alveolar capillary membrane it is true that
Respuesta
  • consists of alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium and their base membranes with very thin interstitial space between them
  • diffusion of O2 and CO2 occurs across it
  • has better permeability for O2 than CO2
  • a and b
  • none of the above

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
dilation of bronchi can be achieved by
Respuesta
  • increased level of catecholamines
  • decreased level of catecholamines
  • increase of acetylcholine and serotonin levels
  • increase of bradikinine and histamine levels
  • a,c, and d

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
normal breathing at rest is called
Respuesta
  • polypnoe
  • eupnoe
  • tachypnoe
  • dyspnoe
  • hyperpnoe

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
during expiration
Respuesta
  • the thoracic cage recoils and the diaphragm moves upwards
  • the intrapleural pressure decreases
  • the intrapleural pressure increases
  • a and b
  • a and c

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
the sympathetic division of ANS affects the bronchial muscles activating
Respuesta
  • alpha-adrenergic receptors
  • beta-adrenergic receptors
  • M-cholinergic receptors
  • N-cholingeric receptors
  • H2 receptors

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
tidal volume (TV) is
Respuesta
  • the volume of air, which passes through the lungs per minute
  • bigger than the residual volume (RV)
  • an element of the functional residual capacity (FRC)
  • a, b and c
  • 0.5 1 approximately

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
the intrapleural pressure is
Respuesta
  • higher than the atmospheric pressure
  • lower than the atmospheric pressure
  • equal to the atmospheric pressure
  • depends on the water molecules surface tension and elastic fibers
  • b and d

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
the anatomical dead space
Respuesta
  • includes the volume of air within the air passages up to the terminal bronchioles
  • is the space where gas exchange doesnt occur
  • is approximately 140ml
  • is approximately 500ml
  • is about 61.min-1

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
the residual volume (RV) is
Respuesta
  • the volume of air, which remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
  • the volume of air, which remains in the lungs after maximal inspiration
  • is about 2-3l
  • is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume
  • a component of the vital capacity (VC)

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
which of the following factors shifts the dissociation curve of HbO2 to the right
Respuesta
  • increased pCO2
  • decreased pCO2
  • decreased pO2
  • increased pO2
  • increased pH

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
it is not true that vital capacity (VC)
Respuesta
  • is a sum of ERV + TV + IRV
  • depends on sex and age
  • depends on chest measurement
  • is a sum of IC + ERV
  • is a sum of TV + ERV + RV

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
there are smooth muscles in the respiratory system
Respuesta
  • on the external surface of the lungs
  • on the medial surface of the lungs
  • in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
  • around the alveoli
  • on the external and medial surfaces of the lungs

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
it is true that the air in the alveoli
Respuesta
  • has a higher CO2 content than the atmosphere
  • has lower O2 content than in the atmosphere
  • consists of N2 approximately equal to that in the atmosphere
  • has the same components as the atmosphere
  • a, b and c

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
the elastic fibers in the lungs are situated
Respuesta
  • around the alveoli
  • around the terminal branches of the bronchi
  • on the external and the medial surface of the lungs
  • a and b
  • all of the above

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
the peripheral chemoreceptors are situated
Respuesta
  • on the ventral surface of medulla oblongata
  • on the dorsal surface of medulla oblongata
  • in arcus aortae and arteria carotis communis
  • in the inferior and superior vena cavae and the right atrium
  • in the hypothalamus

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
which of the following compounds doesnt take part in the transport of CO2 under physiological conditions
Respuesta
  • carbamino Hb
  • carboxi Hb
  • NaHCO3
  • physically dissolved in fluids
  • carbamino Hb and physically dissolved in the fluids

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
which of the following factors increases the rate of breathing
Respuesta
  • decreased pCO2
  • increased pO2
  • alkalosis
  • decreased pCO2 and increased pO2
  • increased pCO2 and decreased pO2

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
the ventilation/ perfusion (V/Q) ratio of 0.8 refers to
Respuesta
  • the upper parts of the lungs in upright position
  • the middle parts of the lungs in upright position
  • the lower parts of the lungs in upright position
  • in all parts of the lungs in supine position
  • b and d

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
which of the following does not happen during inspiration
Respuesta
  • the ribs move upward
  • the diaphragm lifts up
  • the anterior-posterior dimensions of the chest are increased
  • the transverse dimensions of the thorax are increased
  • the scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles can be recruited for inspiration

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
total lung capacity (TLC) of men would normally be about
Respuesta
  • 4200ml
  • 1500ml
  • 6000ml
  • 8000ml
  • 10000ml

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
oxygen enters the cell via
Respuesta
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • osmosis
  • active transport
  • passive transport

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
most of the carbon dioxide produced by tissues is transported to the lungs as
Respuesta
  • small gas bubbles in the plasma
  • gas bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cells
  • bicarbonates in the plasma
  • gas bound to white blood cells and albumin
  • gas transported through the lymphatic system

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
the need to breathe is caused by
Respuesta
  • a drop in blood pH
  • a rise in blood pH
  • a drop in blood oxygen levels
  • a drop in carbon dioxide levels
  • none of the above

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
where does gas exchange take place
Respuesta
  • bronchioles
  • bronchi
  • pulmonary capillaries
  • roots of the lungs
  • trachea

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
the surfactant
Respuesta
  • makes expiration difficult
  • reduces the surface tension of the water layer within alveoli
  • relaxes the bronchi
  • increases in concentration when the sympathetic tone is increased
  • in increased concentration causes oedema

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
hemoglobin gives up oxygen when the environment is more
Respuesta
  • acidic
  • alkaline
  • icy
  • open
  • none of the above

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
acidosis is when blood pH is below
Respuesta
  • 7.05
  • 7.15
  • 7.25
  • 7.35
  • 6.50

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
the bronchodilatory effect of atropin is due to blocking
Respuesta
  • N-cholinergic receptors
  • M-cholinergic receptors
  • alpha-cholinergic receptors
  • beta-cholinergic receptors
  • H1- receptors

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
the carotid bodies
Respuesta
  • are stretch receptors in the walls of the internal carotid arteries
  • have a blood flow per unit volume similar to that in the brain
  • are influenced by the blood temperature
  • generate less afferent impulses when blood H+ concentration rises
  • and the aortic bodies are mainly responsible for the increased ventilation in hypoxia

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
pulmonary surfactant increases
Respuesta
  • the surface tension of the fluid lining alveolar walls
  • lung complaince
  • in effectiveness as the lungs are inflated
  • in amount when pulmonary blood flow is interrupted
  • the airflow resistance in bronchi

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
the hemoreceptors in the carotid artery and aortic arc are excited when
Respuesta
  • pCO2 in plasma is decreased
  • plasma pH is increased
  • pO2 in plasma is increased
  • pO2 in plasma is decreased
  • tO is increased

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
during inspiration
Respuesta
  • intrapleural pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration
  • intrapulmonary pressure is lowest around mid-inspiration
  • intraoesophageal pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration
  • the rate of air flow is greatest at end-inspiration
  • the lung volume/intrapleural pressure relationship is the same as in expiration

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
the bronchial muscles relax under the influence of
Respuesta
  • increased parasympathetic tone
  • acetylcholine
  • histamine
  • atropin
  • none of the above

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
in the lungs
Respuesta
  • the rate of alveolar ventilation at rest exceeds the rate of alveolar capillary perfusion
  • the ventilation/ perfusion (V/Q) ratio in less 0.6 during maximal exercise
  • the V/Q ratio is higher at the apex than at the base of the lungs when a person is standing
  • oxygen transfer can be explained by active transport
  • dead space decreases during inspiration

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
bronchial smooth muscle contracts in response to
Respuesta
  • bronchial mucosal irritation
  • local beta adrenoceptor stimulation
  • a fall in bronchial pO2
  • inhalation of air warmed to 37C
  • circulating noradrenaline

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
which of the following factors stimulate respiration
Respuesta
  • decrease pCO2
  • increased pO2
  • alkalosis
  • decreased pCO2, increased pO2 alkalosis
  • increased pCO2, decreased pO2, alkalosis

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
CO2 is transported basically as
Respuesta
  • bicarbonates
  • carbhemoglobin
  • physically dissolved
  • connected to plasma proteins
  • connected to the hem of Hb

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
during inspiration
Respuesta
  • venous return to the heart is increased
  • less energy is expended than during expiration
  • lung expansion is assisted by surface tension forces in the alveoli
  • lung expansion begins when intrapleural pressure falls below atmospheric
  • the relative concentration of surfactant increases in alveoli

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
the residual volume (RV) is
Respuesta
  • the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of an expiration
  • greater on average in women than in men
  • 3-4 liters on average in young adults
  • measured directly using a spirometer
  • smaller in old than in young people

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
a rise in arterial pCO2 causes
Respuesta
  • an increase in ventilation due to stimulation of peripheral and central chemoreceptors
  • a decrease in ventilation due to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors
  • a decrease in arterial pressure
  • a decrease in cerebral blood flow
  • a decrease in the plasma bicarbonate level

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
ventilation is increased during
Respuesta
  • periods when cerebrospinal fluid pH is reduced
  • compensated chronic renal failure
  • periods when plasma bicarbonate level is increased
  • deep sleep
  • exercise because of the ensuing fall in arterial pO2

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
pulmonary
Respuesta
  • arterial mean pressure is about one-sixth of systemic mean arterial pressure
  • blood flow/minute is greater then the systemic blood flow/minute
  • vascular resistance is about 50 per cent that of systemic vascular resistence
  • vascular capacity is similar to systemic vascular capacity
  • arterial pressure increases by about 50 per cent when cardiac output rises by 50 per cent

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in
Respuesta
  • combination with the myoglobin molecule
  • combination with plasma globulins
  • physical solution in red blood cells
  • greater quantity in red blood cells than in plasma
  • greater quantity as HCO3- than as other forms

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve of blood to the right
Respuesta
  • occurs in the pulmonary capillaries
  • occurs if blood temperature decreases
  • favours oxygen delivery to the tissues
  • favours oxygen uptake from the lungs by alveolar capillary blood
  • occurs if the pH of the blood increases

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
the compliance of the lungs and chest wall is
Respuesta
  • expressed as volume change per unit change in pressure
  • minimal during quiet breathing
  • increased by the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
  • decreased by surfactant
  • changed by parallel displacement of the line relating lung volume to distending pressure

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
respiratory dead space
Respuesta
  • includes the volume of air in the airways up to the terminal bronchi
  • is where the gas exchange occur
  • is about 360ml
  • makes great changes in O2 and CO2 contain in alveolar air
  • includes the volume of air which reaches the alveoli

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
the correct statement is
Respuesta
  • the diffusion velocity of O2 and CO2 is equal
  • O2 diffuses 20 times faster than CO2
  • CO2 diffuses with 20 times higher velocity than CO2
  • the diffusion velocity of O2 is higher than that of CO2 when the concentration of O2 is increased
  • the diffusion velocity doesn't depend on cellular membrane permeability

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
oxygen debt is
Respuesta
  • the amount of O2 consumed after cessation of exercise
  • incurred because the pulmonary capillary walls limit O2 uptake during exercise
  • possible since skeletal muscle can function temporarily without oxygen
  • associated with a decrease in blood lactate
  • associated with metabolic alkalosis

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
the CO2 dissociation curve for whole blood shows that
Respuesta
  • its shape is sigmoid
  • blood saturates with CO2 when pCO2 exceeds normal alveolar levels
  • blood contains some CO2 even when the pCO2 is zero
  • oxygenation of the blood drives CO2 out of the blood
  • adding CO2 to the blood drives O2 out of the blood

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
bronchial asthma is likely to be relieved by
Respuesta
  • stimulation of cholinergic receptors
  • stimulation of beta adrenoreceptors
  • histamine aerosols
  • non steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs
  • mineralcorticoids

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
air in the pleural cavity (pneumothorax)
Respuesta
  • allows intrapleural pressure to rise and become equal to the atmospheric pressure
  • causes the underlying to collapse by compressing it
  • increases the functional residual capacity
  • leads to a slight inward movement of the chest wall
  • increases the vital capacity

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
loss of pulmonary elastic tissue in 'emphysema' reduces
Respuesta
  • physiological dead space
  • the surfactant
  • residual volume
  • vital capacity
  • the intrapleural pressure

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
complete obstruction of a major bronchus usually results in
Respuesta
  • collapse of the alveoli supplied by the bronchus
  • a rise in local intrapleural pressure
  • an increase in physiological dead space
  • an increase in blood flow to the lung tissue supplied by the bronchus
  • cyanosis

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve of blood to the left
Respuesta
  • decreases the O2 content of blood at a given pO2
  • impairs O2 delivery to the tissues at the normal tissue pO2
  • occurs in blood perfusing hot extremities
  • occurs in blood with lower pH than with higher pH
  • is characteristic of adult blood when compared with fetal blood

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
a diver breathing air at depth of 30 metres under water
Respuesta
  • is exposed to a pressure equal to the surface
  • has a raised pressure of nitrogen in the alveoli
  • has a four fold increase in the oxygen content of blood
  • has a four fold increase in alveolar water vapour pressure
  • expends less energy than normal on the work of breathing

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
cyanosis
Respuesta
  • may be caused by high levels of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood
  • may be caused by high levels of methaemoglobin in the blood
  • is seen in fingers of hands immersed in iced water
  • occurs more easily in anaemic than in polycythaemic patients
  • is severe in cyanide poisoning

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
histamine affects the bronchial muscles via
Respuesta
  • H1-receptors
  • H2 receptors
  • M-holinergic receptors
  • N-holinergic receptors
  • alpha-adrenergic receptors

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
coughing
Respuesta
  • is reflexly initiated by irritation of the alveoli
  • is associated with relaxation of airways smooth muscles
  • depends on contraction of the diaphragm for expulsion of air
  • differs from sneezing in that the glottis is initially closed
  • is equivalent of sneezing

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system affects the bronchial muscles via
Respuesta
  • beta 2 adrenergic receptors
  • alpha 2 adrenergic receptors
  • M1 cholinergic receptors
  • N cholinergic receptors
  • none of the above

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
a 50% fall in the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in each of lungs would
Respuesta
  • lower systemic arterial oxygen content
  • has no effect on the O2 in systemic circulation
  • increase the physiological dead space
  • lower systemic arterial carbon dioxide content
  • be compensated (with respect to oxygen uptake) by a high ratio in the other lung

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
the total amount of O2 carried by the circulation to the tissues/min. (oxygen delivery or total available oxygen)
Respuesta
  • normally equals the rate of O2 consumption by the body/min
  • is normally more than 95% combined with haemoglobin
  • must fall by about half if haemoglobin concentration is halved
  • is more closely related to PO2 than to percentage saturation of the blood with O2
  • must double if body oxygen consumption doubles

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
for air to enter the lungs during inspiration
Respuesta
  • the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure
  • the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure
  • the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure
  • the diaphragm must be relaxed
  • the external intercostal muscles be relaxed

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
given: Co2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+, what happens if bicarbonate ions are increased
Respuesta
  • more carbon monoxide produced
  • more bicarbonate ions produced
  • an increase in protons
  • there would be a shift to the left
  • there would be a shift to the right first, then to the left

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
the values (mmHg) for pCO2 and pO2 in the interstitial spaces of peripheral tissues are approximately
Respuesta
  • 60;40
  • 40;60
  • 46;40
  • 66;46
  • 46;100

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
if forcefully exhaling as much air as possible after a normal breath, this is
Respuesta
  • tidal volume
  • expiratory reserve volume
  • maximum expiratory flow rate
  • eupnea
  • inspiratory reserve volume

Pregunta 86

Pregunta
which of the following reactions takes place in the systemic capillaries (where CO2 is higher and O2 is lower)?
Respuesta
  • Hb + O2 -> HbO2
  • Hb + CO2 -> HbCO2
  • HbCO2 -> Hb + CO2
  • H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+
  • Na+ + HCO3- -> NaHCO3

Pregunta 87

Pregunta
water molecules on the surface of the alveoli generate surface tension. This force
Respuesta
  • inhibits alveolar collapse
  • assists pulmonary compliance
  • assists elastic recoil
  • resists elastic recoil
  • impairs gas exchange

Pregunta 88

Pregunta
what does the ventral respiratory group within the medulla oblongata do
Respuesta
  • triggers inspiration
  • decreased ventilation rate
  • nothing
  • triggers forced breathing
  • inhibits apneustic center, sets limit to over inflation of lungs

Pregunta 89

Pregunta
the region in the brain that sets the limit for over-inflation of lungs is located in the
Respuesta
  • pons
  • apneustic center
  • arterial blood chemistry
  • medulla oblongata
  • stretch receptors

Pregunta 90

Pregunta
in caissons disease pain in the joints and muscles is due to
Respuesta
  • formation of N2 bubbles
  • formation of CO2 bubbles
  • due to fatigue
  • due to increase in barometric pressure
  • formation of O2 bubbles

Pregunta 91

Pregunta
normal value of FEV in an adult is
Respuesta
  • 95%
  • 80%
  • 65%
  • 50%
  • 40%

Pregunta 92

Pregunta
the most important gas maintaining alveolar ventilation is
Respuesta
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen
  • carbon dioxide
  • N2
  • CO

Pregunta 93

Pregunta
intrapleural pressure
Respuesta
  • is higher than the atmospheric pressure one as in inspiration
  • is lower than the atmospheric one as in inspiration
  • is equal to the atmospheric one
  • does not depend on the water molecules
  • does not change when pleural cavity hermeticity is inpaired

Pregunta 94

Pregunta
as one ascends to higher than 3000 meters above sea level changes in alveolar pO2 and pCO2 are as follows
Respuesta
  • decrease in pO2, increase in pCO2
  • decrease in pO2, decrease in pCO2
  • increase in both pO2 and pCO2
  • increase in pO2, decrease in pCO2
  • no change in pO2 and pCO2

Pregunta 95

Pregunta
surfactant is secreted by
Respuesta
  • type 2 pneumatocytes
  • type 1 pneumatocytes
  • goblet cells
  • pulmonary vessels
  • bronchial smooth muscle cells

Pregunta 96

Pregunta
which of the following effects is not observed during prolonged stay is space
Respuesta
  • decrease in blood volume
  • decrease in muscle strength
  • increase in red cell mass
  • loss of bone mass
  • osteoporosis

Pregunta 97

Pregunta
airway resistance
Respuesta
  • increases in asthma
  • decreases in emphysema
  • increases in paraplegic patients
  • does not affect work of breathing
  • decreases in asthma

Pregunta 98

Pregunta
decrease of pCO2 decrease in H+ and increased pO2 causes
Respuesta
  • hyperventilation
  • hypoventilation
  • hypercapnoea
  • hypoxia
  • none of the above

Pregunta 99

Pregunta
the intrapleural pressure at the end of deep inspiration is
Respuesta
  • -4mmHg
  • +4mmHg
  • -6mmHg
  • +6mmHg
  • -10mmHg

Pregunta 100

Pregunta
exercise which doubles the metabolic rate is likely to at least double the
Respuesta
  • oxygen consumption
  • cardiac output
  • stroke volume
  • arterial pCO2
  • ventilation/ perfusion ratio

Pregunta 101

Pregunta
sudden complete obstruction of the respiratory tract causes
Respuesta
  • a fall in blood pressure
  • stimulation of central chemoreceptors
  • cyanosis
  • increased breathing
  • constriction of the pupils

Pregunta 102

Pregunta
the effects of moving from sea level to an altitude of 5000 metres include an increase in
Respuesta
  • alveolar ventilation
  • blood bicarbonate level
  • appetite for food
  • exercise tolerance
  • muscle strength

Pregunta 103

Pregunta
which of the following factors decrease the affinity of Hb to O2 in tissues
Respuesta
  • decreased pCO2
  • decreased pCO2 and lowered pH
  • lowered tO
  • increased pCO2 and lowered pH
  • decreased pCO2, higher pH and lowered tO

Pregunta 104

Pregunta
the bronchial muscles increase their tone under the influence of
Respuesta
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • histamine
  • atropin
  • curare

Pregunta 105

Pregunta
the bronchial muscles dilate under the influence of
Respuesta
  • cateholamines
  • acetylcholine
  • histamine
  • bradikinine
  • serotonin

Pregunta 106

Pregunta
the pulmonary ventilation is a process that includes
Respuesta
  • only expiration
  • only inspiration
  • inspiration and expiration
  • exchange of O2 and CO2 via the capillary walls
  • transport of O2 and CO2 via blood

Pregunta 107

Pregunta
during inspiration
Respuesta
  • the water surface tension in alveoli decreases
  • the chest volume decreases and the diaphragm goes up
  • the tidal volume decreases
  • alveolar pressure increases
  • intrapleural pressure decreases

Pregunta 108

Pregunta
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the capillary blood and the cells is carried out by
Respuesta
  • osmosis
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • transport across pores
  • reabsorbtion
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