Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Which cells in the nervous system do most of the work of receiving, integrating, and transmitting information?
Respuesta
-
neurons
-
glial cells
-
axons
-
dendrites
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the structure and function of all neurons in your central nervous system?
Respuesta
-
All neurons contain a cell body and an axon, and may have other structures.
-
All neurons receive information via one or more dendrites and send information via one or more axons.
-
All neurons synapse onto another neuron in order to transmit an electrical signal.
-
All neurons receive and send information.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions of neurons?
Respuesta
-
integrating information
-
generating information
-
transmitting information
-
receiving information
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What are three basic components of most neurons?
Respuesta
-
vesicles, terminal buttons, synapses
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myelin, nodes, axon terminals
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cell body, axon, dendrites
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hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Which neuronal structures are analogous to branches on a tree?
Respuesta
-
dendrites
-
axons
-
nuclei
-
cell bodies
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
On a typical neuron, which structure receives neurochemical information, and which structure sends
neurochemical information to other neurons?
Respuesta
-
Dendrites receive; axons send.
-
Axons send; synapses receive.
-
Dendrites receive; synapses send.
-
Axons receive; dendrites send.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
In computers, the keyboard is the component of the computer that receives information. What would the
keyboard be equivalent to, in comparing a computer to a neuron?
Respuesta
-
axon
-
soma
-
dendrite
-
terminal button
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Emma has a disorder that includes degeneration of myelin sheaths in her nervous system. Which of the following disorders does Emma most likely have?
Respuesta
-
Alzheimer’s disease
-
multiple sclerosis
-
Broca’s aphasia
-
Parkinson’s disease
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Which of the following is associated with the fastest neural impulses?
Respuesta
-
unmyelinated dendrites
-
myelinated axons
-
shorter axons
-
multiple dendrites
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
When you want to print something from a computer, a cable carries this signal from the computer to the printer.
In comparing a computer and printer to two neurons, what is the neuronal equivalent to the cable?
Respuesta
-
synapse
-
soma
-
terminal button
-
axon
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
When you are printing something from your computer, your cable must be securely connected to the printer or
else the signal won’t get through. If you compared a computer and printer to two neurons, what is the neuronal
equivalent of the connection between the cable and the printer?
Respuesta
-
synapse
-
soma
-
terminal button
-
axon
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Which part of the neuron secretes neurotransmitters?
Respuesta
-
neuromodulators
-
dendrites
-
myelin sheaths
-
terminal buttons
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures through which information flows in a neuron?
Respuesta
-
dendrites to axon to soma
-
axon to glia to dendrites
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glia to dendrites to axon
-
dendrites to soma to axon
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
What are the cells that provide structural support and insulation for neurons?
Respuesta
-
synapses
-
sheaths
-
glia
-
soma
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
What is the primary role of glial cells?
Respuesta
-
They form the primary components of the spinal cord.
-
They provide support for neurons.
-
They release neurotransmitters.
-
They release neuromodulators.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What would happen if you were to lose all of your glial cells?
Respuesta
-
There would be no change in functioning, because neurons are the cells that are important for transmission of information within the nervous system.
-
One hemisphere could not send information to the other hemisphere.
-
Your neurons would no longer have a normal chemical environment, and there would be problems with efficient neurotransmission.
-
You would no longer be able to send neurotransmitters from one cell to another.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Which of the following is a characteristic of both sodium and potassium ions?
Respuesta
-
They carry a negative charge.
-
They are concentrated inside the neuron’s cell body.
-
They carry a positive charge.
-
They are capable of changing their potentials.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What do we call the tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is neither receiving nor sending information?
Respuesta
-
resting potential
-
action potential
-
post-synaptic potential
-
inhibitory potential
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
When a neuron is neither receiving nor sending, what is the approximate voltage of the electrical charge that
exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron?
Respuesta
-
–700 millivolts
-
–70 millivolts
-
+70 millivolts
-
+700 millivolts
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Bradley is deeply relaxed and many of his muscles are not moving at all. What does this suggest about many of
Bradley’s motor neurons?
Respuesta
-
They have a voltage of +70 millivolts.
-
They have a voltage of –70 millivolts.
-
They are in a relative refractory period.
-
They are in an absolute refractory period.
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
When the sodium channels of a neuron open, allowing sodium ions to flow inside, which of the following is most
likely to happen next?
Respuesta
-
a resting potential
-
an action potential
-
a refractory period
-
reuptake
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What is an action potential?
Respuesta
-
an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron
-
the small gap that exists between adjacent neurons
-
the tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is neither receiving nor sending information
-
the release of neurotransmitters
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Tracey became dehydrated during a recent illness, and the levels of sodium in her body were significantly
reduced. What would we expect to occur if enough sodium was lost?
Respuesta
-
Her nervous system would become highly activated, and action potentials would be generated
continuously.
-
More neurotransmitters would be produced in her terminal buttons.
-
Fewer action potentials would occur in her nervous system.
-
Glial cells would start to degenerate and die.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
A neuron just sent a neural impulse. It will be one to two milliseconds before another neural impulse can be
generated. What do we call this brief time increment, when another neural impulse cannot occur?
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
What is the term for the minimum length of time between action potentials?
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Which of the following is known about action potentials?
Respuesta
-
They travel more slowly if the incoming stimulation is less intense.
-
They are stronger when the incoming stimulation is more intense.
-
They are generated in an all-or-none fashion.
-
They are seldom strong enough to reach the terminal buttons.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
What is the typical speed of an action potential?
Respuesta
-
at least 600 kilometres/hour
-
up to 300 kilometres/hour
-
approximately the speed of light (300,000 kilometres/second)
-
approximately the speed of sound (1236 kilometres/hour)
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Sara is holding Scott’s hand during a scary movie. Suddenly she squeezes his hand very hard. When she does
this, what will the nerves in Scott’s hand do?
Respuesta
-
release more GABA
-
send larger action potentials to his central nervous system
-
enter an absolute refractory period
-
start to fire at a faster rate
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Fiona puts her hands into a bucket of lukewarm water; Luke puts his hands into a bucket of ice-cold water.
What should we predict about each of their action potentials?
Respuesta
-
Only Fiona will experience enough stimulation to trigger an action potential.
-
Luke will have inhibitory action potentials.
-
Their action potentials will differ in rate, due to differences in the intensity of the stimuli.
-
Their action potentials will differ in size, due to differences in the intensity of the stimuli.
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Peggy smells a very strong odour; Harry smells an odour that is barely detectable. Based on what is known
about neural transmission, what should we predict about each of their action potentials?
Respuesta
-
They will be the same size but at different rates.
-
Peggy’s will be excitatory, and Harry’s will be inhibitory.
-
They will be weaker in Harry’s system because the stimulus is less intense.
-
They will be distinguished by the amount of inhibition they exert on synapses.
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What do we call the space between a terminal button and a dendrite?
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
Respuesta
-
in the dendrites
-
in the mitochondria
-
in the axon
-
in the synaptic vesicles
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What do synaptic vesicles do?
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
What happens when a neurotransmitter is released from a presynaptic neuron, but it does not fit into a suitable
receptor channel on the postsynaptic neuron?
Respuesta
-
The firing potential of the postsynaptic neuron will not be affected.
-
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential will be generated.
-
A graded potential will be generated.
-
The presynaptic neuron will be inhibited.
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
What is a good analogy for the way in which a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites?
Respuesta
-
the lowering of a drawbridge
-
a key fitting in a lock
-
the pulling of a gun trigger
-
the opening and closing of a window
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
What type of electric potential increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire?
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
The voltage at a receptor site has just changed from –70 millivolts to –75 millivolts. What caused the change?
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
The voltage at a receptor site has just changed from –70 millivolts to –67 millivolts. What will this lead to?
Respuesta
-
an absolute refractory period
-
increased likelihood of an action potential
-
decreased likelihood of an action potential
-
a relative refractory period
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What do we call the process of absorption of neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron?
Respuesta
-
reuptake
-
neurotransmission
-
graded potential
-
inhibition
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps through which neurotransmitters progress during synaptic
transmission?
Respuesta
-
binding, synthesis, release, inactivation, reuptake
-
synthesis, release, binding, inactivation, reuptake
-
synthesis, binding, release, reuptake, inactivation
-
release, synthesis, binding, reuptake, inactivation
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
If a brain has several synapses that are not particularly active, those synapses may be eliminated. What is this process called?
Respuesta
-
synaptic pruning
-
inhibition
-
natural selection
-
long-term potentiation
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
At what age do humans tend to have the largest number of synapses?
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
According to the Hebbian Learning Rule, if an axon of Cell A is near enough to repeatedly stimulate Cell B (causing it to fire often), then what will happen to Cell B?
Respuesta
-
Cell B will eventually stop responding to Cell A.
-
Cell B will merge with Cell A.
-
Cell B will be pruned because it is redundant with Cell A.
-
Cell B will become more likely to fire in response to signals from Cell A.
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in the activation of motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles?
Respuesta
-
GABA
-
acetylcholine
-
serotonin
-
norepinephrine
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Jeremy is sitting quietly when the voluntary muscles in his left leg begin to twitch. Which neurotransmitter is likely being released?
Respuesta
-
serotonin
-
norepinephrine
-
acetylcholine
-
GABA
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
When your text states that nicotine functions as an acetylcholine agonist, what does that mean?
Respuesta
-
It interacts with acetylcholine to produce a novel effect.
-
It occupies acetylcholine receptor sites, thus blocking the action of the neurotransmitter.
-
It stimulates some acetylcholine synapses.
-
It inhibits some acetylcholine release.
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
What does an agonist do?
Respuesta
-
It extends the absolute refractory period of neural transmission.
-
It blocks the action of neurotransmitters.
-
It mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
-
It prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters.
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Curare blocks the action of acetylcholine by occupying its receptor sites. In this context, what is curare?
Respuesta
-
a neurotransmitter
-
an agonist
-
a neuromodulator
-
an antagonist
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Dr. Jacoby has just discovered a new drug named Z2W that is an antagonist to acetylcholine. What are some likely side effects of this new drug?
Respuesta
-
hallucinations and disrupted sleep patterns
-
general stimulation within the body and an increase in heart rate
-
sleepiness and loss of interest in activities
-
motor and memory problems
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Dr. Ferracane has just discovered a new drug named GL8 that produces side effects such as paralysis and memory loss. Based on this information, how might this drug act on the nervous system?
Respuesta
-
as an agonist for GABA
-
as an antagonist for GABA
-
as an antagonist for acetylcholine
-
as an agonist for acetylcholine
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
What seems to be a primary cause of Parkinson’s disease?
Respuesta
-
degeneration of neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter
-
degeneration of myelin sheaths
-
antagonistic effects on acetylcholine receptors
-
damage to glial cells
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Garrett has a chronic disease that is slowly destroying the cells that produce serotonin in his brain. Which of the following will likely happen to Garrett as his disease progresses?
Respuesta
-
His memory will gradually worsen.
-
He will start to show signs of Parkinson’s disease.
-
His sleep and mood will be disrupted.
-
He will begin to experience symptoms of schizophrenia.
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Which of the following disorders is associated with reduced activity at norepinephrine and serotonin receptors?
Respuesta
-
depression
-
schizophrenia
-
Parkinson’s disease
-
multiple sclerosis
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Julia is currently in the midst of a major depression. Which of the following patterns of neurotransmitter activity is most likely to be associated with her symptoms?
Respuesta
-
reduced levels of GABA
-
increased activity at serotonin synapses
-
increased levels of dopamine
-
reduced activity at norepinephrine synapses
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Stuart abuses a drug that is a dopamine agonist. Which of the following is Stuart most likely to experience when he is high?
Respuesta
-
deep relaxation
-
hallucinations
-
temporary paralysis
-
excessive anxiety
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Caitlin has taken a drug that has reduced the levels of GABA in her nervous system. What side effect is Caitlin likely to experience?
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Dr. Athorp has just discovered a new drug named P3X that is an agonist for GABA. What effects will this drug likely have?
Respuesta
-
hallucinations and disrupted sleep patterns
-
general stimulation within the body and an increase in heart rate
-
a reduction in pain and a sense of euphoria
-
anxiety reduction and general relaxation
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Which of the following neurotransmitters always has inhibitory effects?
Respuesta
-
GABA
-
glutamate
-
acetylcholine
-
norepinephrine
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Which of the following neurotransmitters has effects on learning and memory, and on long-term potentiation?
Respuesta
-
GABA
-
glutamate
-
acetylcholine
-
norepinephrine
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Opiate drugs bind onto the same receptor sites as the body’s own endorphins. What effect, then, do opiate
drugs have?
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Which of the following neurotransmitters is most similar to the drug heroin?
Respuesta
-
acetylcholine
-
dopamine
-
endorphins
-
serotonin
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
If you were making a new drug to treat pain, which type of neurotransmitter would you attempt to mimic?
Respuesta
-
dopamine
-
monoamines
-
acetylcholine
-
endorphins