21744551
Descripción
Test por Lilly Coleman, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Lilly Coleman
hace más de 4 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
The most common of etiology of aortic stenosis in the U.S. is ____
Respuesta
-
bicuspid AS
-
calcific AS of a normal trileaflet valve
-
rheumatic heart disease
-
all of the above
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Aortic stenosis is the most common primary valve disease and is best evaluated with echo.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Aortic ____ is a thickened aortic valve that still opens well, with a peak velocity < = 2.5 m/s
Respuesta
-
congenital AS
-
rheumatic heart disease
-
sclerosis
-
stenosis
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The three most common AS etiologies include ____.
Respuesta
-
calcific AS of a trileaflet AOV
-
congenital bicuspid AS with superimposed calcific changes
-
rheumatic AS
-
all of the above
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Bicuspid AS usually becomes symptomatic between the ages of ___.
Respuesta
-
< 10 years
-
10 - 20 years
-
20 - 50 years
-
30 - 40 years
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Adults with bicuspid AS usually present with _____ that are reliable predictors of the need for a prosthetic valve, or the risk of heart failure/death.
Respuesta
-
aortic caoarctation
-
calcific changes
-
congenital membrane
-
raphe
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
___ aortic stenosis originates at the aortic valve cusps and moves out toward the commissures.
Respuesta
-
congenital
-
degenerative
-
prosthetic
-
rheumatic
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
A 25 year-old has valvular aortic stenosis, what most likely caused it?
Respuesta
-
biscuspid aortic vavle
-
coarctation of the aorta
-
congenital membrane across the outflow tract
-
degenerative aortic stenosis
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What type of murmur is associated with aortic stenosis?
Respuesta
-
low pitched, diastolic rumble with an opening snap
-
mid-systolic click with/without a systolic murmur
-
murmur that radiates to the axilla
-
systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Serial echocardiograms track changes in the AS patient, to include ____
Respuesta
-
AS peak velocity
-
cardiac output
-
pressure half-time
-
RVSP
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The echo report on AS should include details regarding the ____.
Respuesta
-
level of obstruction
-
LV size, wall thickness, and EF
-
cusp mobility, thickness, calcification
-
all of the above
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Chest pain and syncope are symptoms of AS
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
___ is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a balloon catheter with a stent-mounted valve crimped on its tip.
Respuesta
-
AV repair
-
mini-thoracotomy
-
PMBV
-
TAVR
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
The patient is 84 years old and the echo findings include thickened, calcifies AOV cusps, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular enlargement, decreased left ventricular systolic function, and post stenotic dilatation of the aortic root what is most likely the diagnosis?
Respuesta
-
acute aortic regurgitation due to AOV vegatation
-
aortic sclerosis with aortic regurgitation
-
bicuspid aortic stenosis
-
degenerative aortic stenosis
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
When is a raphe present?
Respuesta
-
biscuspid aortic valve
-
cleft aortic valve
-
degenerative aortic stenosis
-
rheumatic aortic stenosis
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What would you expect to see on the M-mode of a bicuspid aortic valve?
Respuesta
-
diastolic doming
-
eccentric closure
-
football shaped opening
-
raphe
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
In the echo lab, we use the Bernoulli equation to describe the relationship between pressure and velocity. The simplified Bernoulli equation= ____
Respuesta
-
220/ pressure half-time
-
4V
-
4(V)^2
-
(Vlvot)(Alvot)=(Vaov)(Aaov)
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
According to the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC), the non imaging CWD probe (PDEOF) must be utilized in the assessment of AS or suspected AS from multiple locations
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
The aortic valve Doppler waveform is below the baseline from every window
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
The continuity equation assumes that flow through a tube is constant, so if the area decreases, the velocity must also decrease
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
In order to acquire a quick maximum PG, the sonographer can utilize the modified Bernoull'is equation (4V)
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
According to the continuity equation, the aortic valve area AVA= (VTIlvot) (CSAlvot)/ (VTIaov)
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The aortic valve area by the continuity equations requires _____.
Respuesta
-
Dlvot from the 5C
-
VTIaov with CWD or PEDOF
-
VTIlvot with CWD
-
all of the above
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
A thickened AOV with a peak velocity > = 2.6 m/s suggests aortic _____; whereas, a thickened AOV with a peak velocity < =2.5 m/s, suggests aortic ____
Respuesta
-
sclerosis / stenosis
-
stenosis / sclerosis
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
If the LVOT diameter = 2.0cm, V1= 1.0 m/sec and V2= 4.0 m/sec, what is the aortic valve area according to the simplified continuity equation?
Respuesta
-
0.39 cm^2
-
0.79 cm^2
-
3.14 cm^2
-
64 mmHG
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
With aortic stenosis, multiple doppler windows should be compared, to inlcude the 5C, 3C, suprasternal and left parasternal.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Aortic stenosis can be over or underestimated by _____
Respuesta
-
3 -4 + aortic regurgitation
-
improperly measured LVOT diameter
-
tachycardia
-
all of the above
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Reduced LVEF seriously impacts the AS severity scale and underestimates the AS peak velocity, consider using the AS velocity ration.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
____ would most likely cause chronic aortic regurgitation.
Respuesta
-
Aortic dissection
-
Aortic stenosis
-
Left atrial myxoma
-
Trauma
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Severe aortic regurgitation causes a ____
Respuesta
-
high-pitched, blowing, diastolic crescendo murmur at the apex
-
high-pitched, blowing, diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left sternal border
-
low-pitched, mid-diastolic rumble at the apex
-
low-pitched, systolic, rumble at the apex
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Echo findings include diastolic flutter of the AMVL & AOV cusps, early closure of the MV, and early opening of the AOV; what is most likely the diagnosis?
Respuesta
-
aortic regurgitation
-
aortic stenosis
-
mitral regurgitation
-
mitral stenosis
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Mild aortic regurgitation creates a flatter doppler waveform with a higher pressure half-time.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Severe aortic regurgitation causes the aorta's pressure to drop quickly, this creates a more rapid left ventricular pressure increase and higher pressure half-time.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
The aortic regurgitation pressure half-time is 300 ms; what is most likely the diagnosis?
Respuesta
-
mild to moderate AR
-
moderate AR
-
moderate to severe AR
-
severe AR
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
The AR peak velocity is usually 3+ m/s due to the pressure difference between the left ventricle and aorta.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
The heart responds to an increased preload by an increase in:
Respuesta
-
systolic pressure
-
diastolic pressure
-
afterload
-
contractility
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
How do we find the Cross Sectional Area ( CSA of the LVOT ) for the Continuity equation?
Respuesta
-
πr2
-
πrl+ πr2
-
π(D/2)
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Patients with long standing aortic stenosis will usually have:
Respuesta
-
LVH
-
LV dilation
-
diastolic aortic flutter
-
mitral ring calcification
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Doppler ultrasound may show retrograde flow velocities within the ascending aorta during diastole in the presence of:
Respuesta
-
aortic regurgitation
-
patient ductus arteriosus
-
aorticopulmonary window
-
aorticsubclavian shunts
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Which of the following ausculatatory sounds is most suggestive of a bicuspid aortic valve?
Respuesta
-
S4
-
opening snap
-
mid-systolic click
-
systolic ejection click
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Which technique would best allow you to assess the severity of aortic regurgitation?
Respuesta
-
pulsed wave doppler
-
continuous wave doppler
-
M-mode echocardiography
-
two-dimensional echocardiography
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
A patient with a crescendo/decrescendo systolic murmur and a decreased A2 would probably be sent to the echo lab to evaluate:
Respuesta
-
mitral insufficiency
-
tricuspid insufficiency
-
pulmonic stenosis
-
aortic stenosis
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
In aortic stenosis the:
Respuesta
-
LA diastolic pressure exceeds that of the LV
-
LV systolic pressure exceeds that of the aorta
-
LV diastolic pressure exceeds that of the aorta
-
aortic systolic pressure exceeds that of the LV
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Which 2-D views are best for direct imaging of a discrete subaortic membrane?
Respuesta
-
parasternal long and short axis views
-
apical five chamber and apical long axis
-
subcostal long axis and apical four chamber views
-
parasternal long axis and apical two chamber views
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