Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the anatomy of the pituitary gland.
Respuesta
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Paraventricular nucleus
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Supraoptic nucleus
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Neurosecretory cells
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Optic chiasm
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Median eminence
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Infundibular stem
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Hypophyseal portal vein
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Pars tuberalis
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Pars distalis
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Pars nervosa
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Neurohypophysis
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Adenohypophysis
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
What is the posterior pituitary also known as?
Respuesta
-
Neurohypophysis
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Adenohypophysis
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
What is the anterior pituitary gland also known as?
Respuesta
-
Anterior pituitary
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Posterior pituitary
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Which part of the pituitary gland do the paraventricular nuclei project to?
Respuesta
-
Posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
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Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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Posterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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Anterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Where would you find the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei?
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Which part of the pituitary gland do the supraoptic nuclei project to?
Respuesta
-
Posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
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Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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Posterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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Anterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Which part of the pituitary gland is formed of an infundibular stem and the pars nervosa?
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which part of the pituitary gland is formed of the pars distalis and pars tuberalis?
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Which part of the pituitary gland mainly secretes ADH and oxytocin?
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Which part of the pituitary gland secretes prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH etc?
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
What do the neurosecretory cells of the pituitary gland release hormones in response to?
Respuesta
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Depolarisation
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Hyperpolarisation
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Other hormones binding
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Change in blood pH
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
What is the function of the Herring bodies found in the terminal ends of the axons of the posterior pituitary glands?
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Where will you find pituicytes?
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the method of release of hormones by the posterior pituitary gland.
1. [blank_start]Pre-hormones[blank_end] are synthesises in the cell bodies of neurons in the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end].
2. These pre-hormones are cleaved to yield the [blank_start]functional[blank_end] hormone bound to [blank_start]neurophysin[blank_end].
3. The hormones are transported down the [blank_start]axons[blank_end] to the axon terminals.
4. Hormones are stored in [blank_start]Herring bodies[blank_end] at the termini.
5. Hormones are released into [blank_start]fenestrated capillaries[blank_end] upon stimulation of cell bodies in the hypothalamus.
Respuesta
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Pre-hormones
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hypothalamus
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functional
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neurophysin
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axons
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Herring bodies
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fenestrated capillaries
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
In the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis we have acidophils and basophils. Why are acidophils called acidophils?
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Why are basophils called basophils?
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Growth hormone and pro-lactin are secreted by which type of cell in the adenohypophysis?
Respuesta
-
Acidophils
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Basophils
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Chromophobes
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH are secreted by which cells of the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis?
Respuesta
-
Acidophils
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Basophils
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Chromophobes
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Which of the following act as the stem cells for the pars distalis?
Respuesta
-
Chromophobes
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Acidophils
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Basophils
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is released by the cells of which part of the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis?
Respuesta
-
Pars intermedia
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Pars distalis
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Pars tuberalis
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the regulation of secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
1. The [blank_start]neuroendocrine[blank_end] cells of the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] project to the [blank_start]median eminence[blank_end].
2. These cells discharge into the capillaries of the [blank_start]pituitary portal vessels[blank_end].
3. The hormones they release either stimulate or inhibit the release of [blank_start]hormones[blank_end] from the anterior pituitary.
Respuesta
-
neuroendocrine
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hypothalamus
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median eminence
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pituitary portal vessels
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hormones
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The thyroid gland's lobes are connected by a midline isthmus.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Where will you find the isthmus of the thyroid gland?
Respuesta
-
Between the 2nd and 4th tracheal rings
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Between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
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Between the 4th and 5th tracheal rings
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Between the 1st and 3rd tracheal rings
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
The cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid gland are arranged around a central cavity to form what?
Respuesta
-
A follicle
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A fascicle
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A lumen
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A pit
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
What do the cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid gland secrete?
Respuesta
-
Thyroglobulin
-
Calcitonin
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Parathyroid hormone
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TSH
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
The lumen of the follicles of the thyroid gland is filled with thyroglobulin.
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
C-cells/parafollicular cells are found at the junctions between follicles of the thyroid gland. What do they secrete?
Respuesta
-
Calcitonin
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Thyroglobulin
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TSH
-
Parathyroid hormone
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Calcitonin stimulates calcium mobilisation from bone.
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
How does the thyroid gland produce and release thyroxine?
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland.
1. The thyroid [blank_start]follicular[blank_end] cells take up [blank_start]iodide[blank_end].
2. Iodide is oxidised to [blank_start]iodine[blank_end].
3. Iodine covalently attaches to [blank_start]tyrosine[blank_end] residues of [blank_start]thyroglobulin[blank_end] within the lumen of the follicle.
4. Iodinated thyroglobulin is broken down in [blank_start]lysosomes[blank_end] to [blank_start]thyroxine[blank_end].
5. Thyroxine is released into surrounding [blank_start]capillaries[blank_end].
Respuesta
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follicular
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iodide
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iodine
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tyrosine
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phenylalanine
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tryptophan
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thyroglobulin
-
thyroxine
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lysosomes
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the Golgi
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the nucleus
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capillaries
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland.
Respuesta
-
Epiglottis
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Isthmus
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Right lateral lobe
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Left lateral lobe
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Left subclavian artery
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Trachea
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Aorta
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Right subclavian artery
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Common carotid artery
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Thyroid cartilage
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Hyoid bone
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the histology of the thyroid gland.
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Where are the parathyroid glands found?
Respuesta
-
Embedded in the posterior border of the thyroid
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Embedded in the anterior border of the thyroid
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Either side of the thyroid
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Just above the thyroid
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
How many parathyroid glands do we normally have?
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
The parathyroid glands are around the size of a pea.
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Respuesta
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Stimulate calcium mobilisation from bone
-
Inhibit calcium mobilisation from bone
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Stimulate the thyroid gland
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Stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
The chief cells of the parathyroid gland are arranged in irregular cords around capillaries.
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Which suprarenal gland is described as having a crescent shape, whilst the other has a pyramidal shape?
Respuesta
-
Left suprarenal gland
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Right suprarenal gland
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
The medulla and cortex of the suprarenal glands have differing embryological origins.
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Which is the correct order of structures in the suprarenal gland from outermost to innermost?
Respuesta
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Capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, medulla
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Medulla, zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa, capsule
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Capsule, medulla, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
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Capsule, zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa, medulla
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to label the histologies of the cortex of the adrenal gland.
Respuesta
-
Zona glomerulosa
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Zona fasciculata
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Zona reticularis
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
To remember what the different layers of the adrenal cortex secrete, we use the acronym GFR ACT. Fill in the blanks to describe what each layer secretes.
The first layer is the zona G[blank_start]lomerulosa[blank_end]. It secretes A[blank_start]ldosterone[blank_end] and other mineralocorticoids.
The second layer is the zona F[blank_start]asciculata[blank_end]. It secretes C[blank_start]ortisol[blank_end] and other glucocorticoids.
The third layer is the zona R[blank_start]eticularis[blank_end]. It secretes T[blank_start]estosterone[blank_end] and other sex steroid hormones.
Respuesta
-
lomerulosa
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ldosterone
-
asciculata
-
ortisol
-
eticularis
-
estosterone
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Which of the following regulate the zona glomerulosa?
Respuesta
-
Renin and angiotensin
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ACTH
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Oestrogen
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ADH
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Which of the following regulates the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal gland?
Respuesta
-
ACTH
-
Renin and angiotensin
-
ADH
-
Oestrogen
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Which of the following regulates the zona reticularis of the suprarenal gland?
Respuesta
-
ACTH
-
Oestrogen
-
Renin and angiotensin
-
ADH
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Which branch of the nervous system acts upon the adrenal medulla?
Respuesta
-
Sympathetic
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Parasympathetic
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Somatic
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Enteric
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Which neurotransmitter stimulates the adrenal medulla?
Respuesta
-
Adrenaline
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Acetylcholine
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Glutamate
-
Dopamine
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the layers of the suprarenal gland.
Respuesta
-
Cortex
-
Medulla
-
Medulla (histology)
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Zona reticularis
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Zona fasciculata
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Zona glomerulosa
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Capsule
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
What do the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?
Respuesta
-
Insulin
-
Glucagon
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Somatostatin
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Pancreatic peptide
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
What do the B cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?
Respuesta
-
Insulin
-
Glucagon
-
Somatostatin
-
Pancreatic polypeptide
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
What do the theta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?
Respuesta
-
Insulin
-
Glucagon
-
Somatostatin
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Pancreatic polypeptide