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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
which are forces that favour filtration?
Respuesta
-
capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
capillary oncotic pressure
-
interstitial hydostatic pressure
-
interstitial oncotic pressure
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which are forces that oppose filtration?
Respuesta
-
capillary oncotic pressure
-
capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
interstitial oncotic pressure
-
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Which are causes for edema
Respuesta
-
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
-
increased capillary membrane permeability
-
lympathic obstruction
-
too much candy
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s
Respuesta
-
High body surface–to–body size ratio
-
Slow metabolic rate
-
Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
-
Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
Respuesta
-
Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
-
The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
-
The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than the rate of output of lean adults
-
The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L;
carbon dioxide (CO2), 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Respuesta
-
Respiratory alkalosis
-
Metabolic acidosis
-
Respiratory acidosis
-
Metabolic alkalosis
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid
(ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
Respuesta
-
Osmotic forces
-
Plasma oncotic pressure
-
Antidiuretic hormone
-
Hydrostatic forces
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma
and interstitial fluid spaces?
Respuesta
-
Oncotic pressure
-
Buffering
-
Hydrostatic pressure
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Respuesta
-
Capillary hydrostatic
-
Interstitial hydrostatic
-
Capillary oncotic
-
Interstitial oncotic
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
As edema accumulates it gets trapped in...
Respuesta
-
a second space
-
a third space
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Sodium accounts for 90% of the ...... cations (positively charged ions)
Respuesta
-
ICF
-
ECF
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
potassium is a major cation of ......
Respuesta
-
ICF
-
ECF
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
what is the minimal daily requirement of sodium?
Respuesta
-
200 mg
-
600 mg
-
500 mg
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
what are the two major functions of Angiotensin 2?
Respuesta
-
vasoconstriction (which elevates blood pressure)
-
stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
-
it prevents sodium from leaving the cell
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
ANP and BNP increase sodium and water excretion by the kidneys this
Respuesta
-
increases blood volume and blood pressure
-
decreases blood volume and blood pressure
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
ADH ________ the permeability of renal tubular cells to water which ______ water reabsorption and promotes the restoration of plasma volume and blood pressure.
Respuesta
-
increases, increases
-
decreases, increases
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
The term isotonic refers to a solution that has the _______ concentration of solutes as plasma
Respuesta
-
more
-
less
-
the same
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Isotonic fluid loss results in in....
Respuesta
-
hypervolemia
-
hypovolemia
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Excess isotonic fluids results in...
Respuesta
-
hypovolemia
-
hypervolemia
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Hypertonic fluid alterations occur when osmolality of the ECF is ______above normal. The most common causes are an increased concentration of ECF.....
Respuesta
-
elevated, sodium (hypernatrium)
-
elevated potassium (hyperkalemia)
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Hypernatremia occurs when serum sodium levels exceed_______. And can be caused by a ______ of water or _____in sodium
Respuesta
-
147 mEq/L, Loss of water or gain in sodium
-
127 mEq/L, loss of water or gain in sodium,
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
intracellular fluid contains a greater proportion of total body water than does extracellular fluid
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
All the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, not in the ICF
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
no receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Osmosis is the movement of water between two compartments by a membrane permeable to water but not to solute. Moves form LOW solute to HIGH solute concentration and requires no energy
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
What is osmotic pressure?
Respuesta
-
The amount of pressure required to move water
-
the amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Hydrostatic pressure is
Respuesta
-
the major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at the capillary level
-
the force of water being moved
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Oncotic pressure
Respuesta
-
osmotic pressure is pressure exerted by colloids in solution
-
the pressure of cancer
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Causes of edema
Respuesta
-
plasma to interstitial fluid shift
-
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
-
increased capillary permeability
-
lymph obstruction
-
sodium retention
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What is the pathophysiology of third spacing?
Respuesta
-
A massive inflammatory response leads to the release of histamine and bradykinin which increases capillary permeability and with hydrostatic pressure fluid leaks into the interstitium
-
Any process that results in decreased protein intake, production, storage, or increased protein loss decreases the colloid osmotic pressure which prevents fluid from being pulled back into the vessels and leads to fluid accumulating in the interstitium.
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Signs and symptoms of thirdspacing
Respuesta
-
decreased urine output despite adequate intake
-
increased HR
-
Decreased BP
-
Increased weight
-
Edema, acites
-
Increased ADH
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Why are infants more predisposed to serious, rapid fluid volume deficits?
Respuesta
-
limited ability to concentrate urine
-
greater ratio of surface area to volume
-
higher metabolic rate
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
S/S of Hypervolemia:
Respuesta
-
cyanosis
-
rapid breathing
-
weight gain
-
edema including cerbral edema
-
rapid bouding pulse
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
What is the reference range for Sodium in Adults?
Respuesta
-
125-135 mEq/L
-
135-145 mEq/L
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
hypernatremia is caused by :
Respuesta
-
water loss or sodium gain
-
water gain or sodium loss
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
How to treat Hypernatremia
Respuesta
-
diurectics
-
iv 5% dextrose in water or hypotonic saline
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
HYPOnatremia results form
Respuesta
-
lost of sodium containing fluids or water excess
-
critical value is <120 mEq/L
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Potassium is
Respuesta
-
a major ICF cation
-
necessary for transmission and conduction of nerve and muscle impluses
-
cellular growth
-
maintenance of cardiac rhythms
-
Acid-base balance
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
what facilitates potassium into the cells:
Respuesta
-
sodium
-
insulin
-
aldosterone
-
epinephrine
-
alkalosis
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Calcium balance is controlled by
Respuesta
-
parathyroid hormone
-
calcitonin
-
vitamin D
-
Iron
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
A person with chronic heart failure has edema in the lower legs and sacral area. The nurse practitioner suspects this is due to a(n):
Respuesta
-
increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure;
-
Decrease in lymph obstruction pressure
-
Decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Secretion of ADH and the perception of thirst are stimulated by
Respuesta
-
an increase in plasma osmolality
-
a decrease in plasma osmolaity
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The nurse monitors the fluid and electrolyte status of the older adult with the knowledge that impairment of the thirst mechanism may lead to
Respuesta
-
hypernatremia
-
Hyponatremia
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Intravenous potassium chloride is ordered for treatment of a patient with hypokalemia. In administering the potassium solution, the nurse is aware that
Respuesta
-
to prevent cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, the maximum amount of KCl to be administered in 1 hour is 10 mEq
-
to prevent cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, the maximum amount of KCl to be administered in 1 hour is 20 mEq
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
A patient who has required prolonged mechanical ventilation has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.48, PO2 85 mm Hg, PCO2 32 mm Hg, and HCO3 25 mEq/L. The nurse interprets these results as
Respuesta
-
respiratory alkalosis
-
respiratory acidosis
-
normal
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Respuesta
-
Diarrhea
-
Calcium based kidney stones
-
ECG showing narrow T waves
-
Lethargy
-
Bradycardia
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
The electrolyte imbalance hypokalemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Respuesta
-
Paralytic ileus
-
Sinus bradycardia
-
Atrioventricular block
-
Dry mucous membranes
-
Tetany
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include
Respuesta
-
Urine
-
Intraocular fluids
-
Lymph
-
Blood plasma
-
Sweat
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions?
Respuesta
-
Weakness skeletal muscles
-
Cardiac dysrhythmias
-
Smooth muscle atony
-
Visual impairment
-
Hearing loss
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true?
Respuesta
-
During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
-
Gender has no influence on TBW until old age.
-
Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
-
Estrogen plays a role in female TBW.
-
Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Sodium Regulates osmolality in the extracellular fluid (ECF) space.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Chloride Is inversely related to HCO3 concentration.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Potassium Is a major determinant of resting membrane potential.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Phosphate An intracellular metabolic form is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Potassium Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the
Respuesta
-
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
-
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
-
Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
-
Capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
Respuesta
-
Capillary hydrostatic
-
Interstitial hydrostatic
-
Plasma oncotic
-
Interstitial oncotic
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n
Respuesta
-
Decrease in serum sodium
-
Increase in plasma osmolality
-
Increase in glomerular filtration rate
-
Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma?
Respuesta
-
Antidiuretic hormone
-
Aldosterone
-
Hydrostatic pressure
-
Osmotic pressure
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
It is true that natriuretic peptides:
Respuesta
-
Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
-
Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion
-
Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?
Respuesta
-
Angiotensin I
-
Angiotensin II
-
Aldosterone
-
Renin
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
Respuesta
-
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
-
Hypersecretion of aldosterone
-
Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
-
Excessive diuretic therapy
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
Respuesta
-
High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
-
High sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes:
Respuesta
-
Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
-
Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance
-
Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
-
Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Respuesta
-
Sodium depletion
-
Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
Lymphatic obstruction
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Insulin is used to treat hyperkalemia because it:
Respuesta
-
Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium.
-
Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
-
Transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose.
-
Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, causing it to be no longer effective.
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between
Respuesta
-
Intracellular and extracellular Na+ Intracellular Na+ and extra
-
Intracellular and extracellular K+ Intracellular K+ and extracel
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Respuesta
-
Oxygen
-
Sodium
-
Potassium
-
Magnesium
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
Respuesta
-
Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
-
Vomiting and diarrhea
-
Renal failure and Addison disease
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances?
Respuesta
-
Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D
-
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate:
Respuesta
-
Anxiety is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
-
A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosi
-
Diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
Respuesta
-
Hypokalemia
-
Hyperkalemia
-
HYPOCalcemia
-
Hypercalcemia
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can result in:
Respuesta
-
Hypophosphatemia
-
Hypomagnesemia
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is:
Respuesta
-
Renal failure
-
Pancreatitis
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its:
Respuesta
-
Intracellular fluid compartments
-
Interstitial fluid spaces
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
Respuesta
-
Sodium and water retention
-
Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person’s electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Respuesta
-
Flattened U waves
-
Peaked T waves
-
Depressed ST segments
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
Causes of hypocalcemia include:
Respuesta
-
Repeated blood administration
-
Pancreatitis
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
The electrolyte imbalance called hyponatremia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Respuesta
-
Headache
-
Seizures
-
Paranoia
-
Confusion
-
Lethargy
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Respuesta
-
Diarrhea
-
Calcium based kidney stones
-
ECG showing narrow T waves
-
Lethargy
-
Bradycardia
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
Respuesta
-
Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding
-
Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the interstitium
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