Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is important about the lateral horn in relation to motor function?
Respuesta
-
It is the part of the spinal cord where motor output originates from the autonomic nervous system
-
It carries ascending signals to the brain
-
It is the part of the spinal cord where sensory input travels from the periphery to the motor cortex
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
What is the joining of the sensory and motor fibres called (shown by the green circle)?
Respuesta
-
Spinal nerve
-
Hybrid nerve
-
Hybrid root
-
Dorsal root ganglion
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
The spinal cord exists between which spinal levels?
Respuesta
-
C1 to L2
-
C2 to L1
-
C2 to S5
-
C1 to S5
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
How many spinal nerves are there in total?
Respuesta
-
31
-
30
-
25
-
60
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
Respuesta
-
8
-
5
-
6
-
7
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
Respuesta
-
12
-
10
-
14
-
9
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
Respuesta
-
5
-
10
-
12
-
3
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
How many sacral spinal nerves are there?
Respuesta
-
5
-
4
-
8
-
12
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
Respuesta
-
1
-
2
-
5
-
4
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
The cervical plexus is composed of what spinal nerves?
Respuesta
-
C1-C5
-
C5-T1
-
L1-L4
-
L4-S4
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The brachial plexus is composed of what spinal nerves?
Respuesta
-
C1-C5
-
C5-T1
-
L1-L4
-
L4-S4
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
The lumbar plexus is composed of what spinal nerves?
Respuesta
-
C1-C5
-
C5-T1
-
L1-L4
-
L4-S4
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
The sacral plexus is composed of what spinal nerves?
Respuesta
-
C1-C5
-
C5-T1
-
L1-L4
-
L4-S4
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
A dermatome is what?
Respuesta
-
An area of skin with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with dual spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of skin with dual spinal nerve innervation
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
A myotome is what?
Respuesta
-
An area of skin with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of skin with dual spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with dual spinal nerve innervation
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Chickenpox may reactivate as shingles and effect particular spinal nerves, causing a rash that maps to a particular area of skin that the relevant nerve innervates (dermatome).
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
What does the red question mark show?
Respuesta
-
Central sulcus
-
Lateral sulcus
-
Occipital sulcus
-
Post-central gyrus
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What does the purple question mark show?
Respuesta
-
Central sulcus
-
Lateral sulcus
-
Parieto-occipital sulcus
-
Longitudinal fissure
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What does the orange question mark show?
Respuesta
-
Parieto-occipital sulcus
-
Lateral sulcus
-
Posterior sulcus
-
Longitudinal fissure
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
What is the most common neurotransmitter found at post-ganglionic neurones of the sympathetic nervous system?
Respuesta
-
Noradrenaline
-
Acetylcholine
-
Glutamate
-
Vasopressin
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
What is the most common neurotransmitter found at post-ganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Respuesta
-
Glutamate
-
Acetylcholine
-
Noradrenaline
-
Adrenaline
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract by parasympathetic nerve fibres helps to increase gut motility.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
What routes can a pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron take?
Respuesta
-
Travel through the white ramus communicans and ascend the sympathetic chain where it will synapse in the sympathetic ganglion at a higher level
-
Travel through the white ramus communicans and descend the sympathetic chain where it will synapse in the sympathetic ganglion at a lower level
-
Travel through the white ramus communicans and synapse in the sympathetic ganglion at the same level
-
Travel through the white ramus communicans and pass through the sympathetic ganglion without synapsing
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Most organs are dual innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. They always have antagonistic effects to one another.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
In some organs that are innervated exclusively by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system, how is autonomic activity regulated?
Respuesta
-
Like a volume control
-
Parasympathetic hormones circulate in the blood to counter sympathetic effects and vice versa
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
What is meant by diffuse neurotransmission? Where does it occur?
Respuesta
-
Somatic nervous system
-
Autonomic nervous system
-
A single neuron branches into many varicosities which contain neurotransmitter that can be released to co-ordinate widespread effects
-
A single neuron releases neurotransmitter that causes an effect in one particular target
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle blood vessels.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Post-ganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands, part of the sympathetic nervous system, release Noradrenaline to stimulate sweat glands.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
The SNS and PNS have an antagonistic effect on the same muscle which causes pupillary dilation and constriction respectively.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
What receptors does Ach act at?
Respuesta
-
Muscarinic
-
Nicotinic
-
Adrenergic
-
Monoaminergic
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What receptor does noradrenaline act at?
Respuesta
-
Nicotinic
-
Muscarinic
-
Adrenergic
-
Monoaminergic
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Name the agonists of muscarinic receptors
Respuesta
-
Pilocarpine
-
Ach
-
Bethanechol
-
Atropine
-
Hyoscine
-
Tropicamide
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Name the competitive antagonists of muscarinic receptors
Respuesta
-
Atropine
-
Hyoscine
-
Tropicamide
-
Ach
-
Pilocarpine
-
Bethanechol
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Name a non-competitive antagonist at nicotinic receptors
Respuesta
-
Hexamethonium
-
Pilocarpine
-
Atropine
-
Aliskiren
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Noradrenaline binding at alpha adrenoreceptors causes vasoconstriction.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
The heart contains beta 1 adrenoreceptors. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system produce in the heart?
Respuesta
-
Increased heart rate
-
Increased contractility
-
Decreased heart rate
-
Decreased contractility
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
The lungs contains beta 2 adrenoreceptors. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system produce in the lung?
Respuesta
-
Bronchodilation
-
Bronchoconstriction
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Blood vessels may contain beta 2 adrenoreceptors. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system produce in the blood vessels?
Respuesta
-
Vasodilation
-
Vasoconstriction
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
The bladder contains beta 3 adrenoreceptors. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system produce in the bladder?
Respuesta
-
Relaxation
-
Contraction
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
What myenteric plexus is found between which two layers of the gastrointestinal tract?
Respuesta
-
Mucosa
-
Circular muscle
-
Longitudinal muscle
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
What submucosal plexus is found between which two layers of the gastrointestinal tract?
Respuesta
-
Mucosa
-
Circular muscle
-
Longitudinal muscle
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
The myenteric plexus is the co-ordinator of muscular reflexes such as peristalsis.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
What excitatory neurotransmitters help to contract the gut in peristalsis (green question mark)?
Respuesta
-
Substance P
-
Ach
-
NO
-
VIP
-
ATP
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
What inhibitory neurotransmitters help to relax the gut in peristalsis (red question mark)?
Respuesta
-
Substance P
-
Ach
-
VIP
-
NO
-
ATP
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The submucosal plexus co-ordinates secretory enzyme and acid release in response to...
Respuesta
-
Mechanical distension
-
Chemical detection
-
Pressure detection
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
The CNS can influence the ENS.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
The myenteric plexus releases vasoactive substances.
Respuesta
- True
- False
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