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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is the correct definition of excretion?
Respuesta
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Removal of metabolic waste
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Removal of undigested food
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Removal of waste via defaecation
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Removal of amine groups from amino acids
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Removal of your head from your shoulders
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
What is metabolic waste?
Respuesta
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Undigested food
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Toxic compounds produced by bacteria
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Waste substances that may be toxic or are produced in excess by cells
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The products of cellular reactions
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Your life
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Why is carbon dioxide toxic? (Choose more than one answer)
Respuesta
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It is carried in the blood as hydrogencarbonate ions. These are toxic.
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It is carried in the blood as hydrogencarbonate ions. These dissociate to form hydrogen in red blood cells which competes with oxygen and combines with haemoglobin.
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It combines directly with haemoglobin and lowers its affinity for oxygen.
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It is carried in the blood and lowers its pH.
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It dissolves in the blood plasma and combines with water to give carbonic acid, which dissociates to give hydrogen ions, which lower the pH of the blood.
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It can enter cells and inhibit respiration.
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It can cause photorespiration.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What is the process of deamination?
Respuesta
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ammonia + carbon dioxide --> urea + water
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amino acid + oxygen --> keto acid + ammonia
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amino acid + water --> keto acid + oxygen
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amino acid + carbon dioxide --> urea + water
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amino acid + carbon dioxide --> urea + oxygen
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amino acid + oxygen --> keto acid + water
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
What is the equation for the formation of urea?
Respuesta
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ammonia + carbon dioxide --> urea + water
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amino acid + oxygen --> keto acid + ammonia
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amino acid + carbon dioxide --> urea + water
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keto acid + carbon dioxide --> urea + ammonia
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ammonia + oxygen --> urea + carbon dioxide
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Which of these are functions of the liver? (Choose more than one answer)
Respuesta
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Control of blood amino acid and carbon dioxide levels
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Control of blood amino acid and lipid levels
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Control of blood lipid and carbon dioxide levels
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Synthesis of bile, plasma proteins and glucagon
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Synthesis of bile, plasma proteins and cholesterol
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Synthesis of bile, insulin and cholesterol
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Storage of vitamins A, B and D, iron and glycogen
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Storage of vitamins A, B and D, iron and bile
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Storage of vitamins A, B and D, bile and glycogen
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
What are Kupffer cells?
Respuesta
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Liver cells involved in metabolic processes such as protein synthesis, detoxification, etc
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Specialised macrophages involved in the breakdown and recycling of red blood cells
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Specialised phagocytes that engulf and ingest red blood cells
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Specialised phagocytes involved in the immune system
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Magic
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What is used and produced in the ornithine cycle?
Respuesta
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Used: 2 molecules of ammonia, 1 molecule carbon dioxide, 1 molecule water Produced: 2 molecules water, urea
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Used: 2 molecules of ammonia, 2 molecules carbon dioxide, 1 molecule water Produced: 1 molecule water, urea
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Used: 2 molecules of ammonia, 1 molecule water Produced: 1 molecule water, urea
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Used: 1 molecule ammonia, 2 molecules carbon dioxide, 1 molecule water Produced: 2 molecules water, urea
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Used: 2 molecules of ammonia, 1 molecule oxygen, 1 molecule water Produced: 2 molecules water, urea
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What is the process of detoxification of alcohol?
Respuesta
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Ethanol --> Ethanal --> Ethanoic Acid --> Acetyl Coenzyme A
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Ethanol --> Ethanoic Acid --> Ethanal --> Acetyl Coenzyme A
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Ethanol --> Ethanoic Acid --> Lactate --> Acetyl Coenzyme A
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Ethanol --> Lactate --> Ethanoic Acid --> Acetyl Coenzyme A
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Ethanol --> Ethanal --> Acetate --> Acetyl Coenzyme A
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What is NAD used for in the liver?
Respuesta
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Detoxification of alcohol and breakdown of fatty acids
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Synthesis of bile and breakdown of fatty acids
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Detoxification of alcohol and synthesis of bile
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Detoxification of alcohol and control of amino acid levels
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Control of amino acid levels and synthesis of bile
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Which parts of the kidney are in the medulla?
Respuesta
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Loop of Henle and collecting duct
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Loop of Henle, collecting duct and DCT
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Loop of Henle, collecting duct, DCT and PCT
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Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, PCT and DCT
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Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, PCT, DCT and collecting duct
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Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule and PCT
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
What is filtered out of the blood during ultrafiltration? (Choose more than one answer)
Respuesta
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water
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plasma proteins
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amino acids
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glucose
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urea
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inorganic ions
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red blood cells
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white blood cells
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platelets
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plasma
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of the following are adaptations that aid ultrafiltration?
Respuesta
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pores in the endothelium of capillaries
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pores in the membrane of the Bowman's capsule
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a basement membrane made out of a matrix of collagen fibres to filter out large particles
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podocytes in the Bowman's capsule being arranged in finger like projections to allow molecules to pass
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the afferent arteriole narrowing into the glomerulus to increase hydrostatic pressure
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the efferent arteriole wraps around the PCT so any products left in the blood can diffuse into the PCT
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
How is the PCT specialised to be adapted to selective readsorption? (Choose more than one answer)
Respuesta
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the cell surface membrane is folded into microvilli to increase the surface area available for reabsorption
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the cell surface membrane contains co-transporter proteins for facilitated diffusion
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the cell surface membrane contains sodium-potassium ion pumps
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the cell cytoplasm has many mitochondria to provide ATP for facilitated diffusion
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
What is the arrangement for water reabsorption in the Loop of Henle called?
Respuesta
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a hairpin countercurrent multiplier
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a paperclip countercurrent system
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a hairpin opposing current
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a countercurrent osmotic flow
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a transmuting permeability countercurrent flow
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Where are osmoreceptor cells found?
Respuesta
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the hypothalamus
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the posterior pituitary gland
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the anterior pituitary gland
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the medulla oblongata
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the amygdala
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Where is ADH secreted from?
Respuesta
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the hypothalamus
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the posterior pituitary gland
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the anterior pituitary gland
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the medulla oblongata
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the adrenal gland
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What is haemodialysis?
Respuesta
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The peritoneum (abdominal membrane) acts as a filter. The dialysate is poured into the body through a tube, and needs to be changed every few hours.
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Blood is taken from a vein and passed through a dialysis machine so that exchange of substances can occur across a partially permeable membrane.
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Blood is removed from the body and replaced with blood from healthy donors.
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A new kidney is implanted into the lower abdomen and attached to the blood supply and bladder.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the placenta that is used in pregnancy testing?
Respuesta
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Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
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Foetal cholinergic gonadotrophin (fCG)
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Human cholinergic gonadotrophin (hCG)
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Haemo chorionic gonatroponin (hCG)
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Foetal chorionic gonatroponin (fCG)
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
What are the pores in the wall of the DCT and collecting duct called?
Respuesta
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Aquaporins
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Osmotic pores
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Luminal pores
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Podocytes
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Osmoporins
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