Lab exam (6,7,part of 8)

Check all the functions of the skeletal system

the intracellular matrix of cartilage is made up of collagen and proteoglycans

the function of proteoglycans is to [blank_start]store water[blank_end]

Hyaline cartilage Location: [blank_start]ends of the long bone[blank_end] Function: [blank_start]firm support[blank_end] ; [blank_start]smooth articular cartilage[blank_end] Fibrocartilage Location: [blank_start]intervertebral disks[blank_end], [blank_start]pubic symphysis[blank_end] Function: [blank_start]cushions[blank_end]

match the cells with their function Osteoblasts: [blank_start]bone builders[blank_end] Osteocytes: [blank_start]mature bone cell[blank_end] [blank_start](trapped in lancunae)[blank_end] - [blank_start]maintains the bone[blank_end] Osteoclasts: [blank_start]dissolve bone[blank_end] [blank_start]osteoclasts[blank_end] [blank_start]remove[blank_end] old, worn-out bone so [blank_start]osteoblasts[blank_end] can move in [blank_start]produce[blank_end] new bone

Collagen source: secreted by [blank_start]osteoblasts[blank_end] function: [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] the [blank_start]brittleness[blank_end] of the bone; adds [blank_start]flexible strength[blank_end] Bone Minerals: [blank_start]hydroxyapatite crystals[blank_end] [blank_start]calcium[blank_end]/[blank_start]phosphate[blank_end] crystals Function: [blank_start]compressive[blank_end]/[blank_start]weight-bearing strength[blank_end]

Intramembranonus ossification Location: [blank_start]skull[blank_end] Process: bone tissue forms [blank_start]directly[blank_end] in [blank_start]dense connective tissue[blank_end]

endochondral ossification location: [blank_start]long bones/most of the skeleton[blank_end] Process: 1.) [blank_start]hyaline cartilage model forms[blank_end] 2.) [blank_start]bone collar forms around model[blank_end] 3.) [blank_start]cartilage within model calcifies[blank_end] [blank_start]and dies[blank_end] 4.) [blank_start]blood vessels and osteoblasts[blank_end] [blank_start]enter dying cartilage at diaphysis[blank_end] 5.) [blank_start]secondary ossification centers[blank_end] [blank_start]form at epiphysis[blank_end] 6.) [blank_start]remodeling occurs as needed[blank_end] - [blank_start]spongy bone remodeled into compact bone[blank_end]

What two processes make up prenatal ossification? [blank_start]intramembranous[blank_end] and [blank_start]endochondral[blank_end] ossification

Growth in length: occurs at the [blank_start]epiphyseal plate[blank_end] Process: 1.) [blank_start]chondrocytes mitose[blank_end] and [blank_start]lay cartilage in epiphyseal plate[blank_end] 2.) [blank_start]older cartilage calcified[blank_end] and [blank_start]chondrocytes die[blank_end] 3.) [blank_start]blood vessels and osteoblasts enter[blank_end] 4.) [blank_start]osteoblasts lay down collagen[blank_end] [blank_start]which causes length of diaphysis to[blank_end] [blank_start]increase[blank_end] 5.) [blank_start]calcification occurs[blank_end] 6.) [blank_start]results in spongy bone[blank_end] closure of [blank_start]epiphyseal plate[blank_end] results in [blank_start]epiphyseal line[blank_end] effect: [blank_start]no[blank_end] additional growth happens at [blank_start]end[blank_end] of puberty

Growth in diameter role of osteoclasts -marrow cavity [blank_start]grows[blank_end] -the thickness of compact bone is [blank_start]unchanged[blank_end]

what are the three most important things for bone nutrition and homeostasis

-Calcium is the [blank_start]number 1[blank_end] nutrition Source: [blank_start]diet[blank_end] ([blank_start]dairy and vegetable[blank_end]) Absorption: requires [blank_start]vitamin D[blank_end] -Vitamin C is needed to [blank_start]form collagen[blank_end] -Vitamin D is needed to [blank_start]absorb calcium[blank_end] -Vitamin A is needed to [blank_start]form proteins[blank_end] -Phosphorus is the [blank_start]number 2[blank_end] nutrient -Vitamin K [blank_start]enables[blank_end] the formation of [blank_start]clotting proteins[blank_end] -Magnesium is the [blank_start]number 3[blank_end] nutrient -Protein is needed for [blank_start]collagen production[blank_end]

Osteoporosis -[blank_start]porous[blank_end] bone ; [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] bone mass - more common in [blank_start]women[blank_end] -prevention: diet high in [blank_start]calcium[blank_end], avoid [blank_start]smoking[blank_end], [blank_start]weight-bearing[blank_end] exercise

homeostasis

homeostasis

Growth hormone: Source: [blank_start]anterior pituitary gland[blank_end] : known as the [blank_start]master gland[blank_end] Function: -Bone: [blank_start]increases osteoblastic[blank_end] activity -Cartilage: [blank_start]increased chondroblastic[blank_end] activity -Overall effect: growth is [blank_start]increased[blank_end] Hyposecretion of GH (childhood) hypo=[blank_start]too little[blank_end] a.) pituitary [blank_start]dwarfism[blank_end] b.) [blank_start]rapid[blank_end] calcification of [blank_start]epiphyseal plate[blank_end] Hypersecretion of GH Hyper=[blank_start]too much[blank_end] a.) childhood: [blank_start]giantism[blank_end] b.) adulthood: [blank_start]thickened bones[blank_end]

Thyroid hormone aka [blank_start]Thyroxin[blank_end] Source: [blank_start]thyroid gland[blank_end] effect of hypothyroidism (childhood): -[blank_start]cretinism[blank_end] : type of [blank_start]dwarfism[blank_end] with [blank_start]mental retardation[blank_end]

Reproductive hormones Estrogen - [blank_start]female[blank_end] -Source: [blank_start]ovary and body fat[blank_end] -Effect on bone: [blank_start]increase osteoblastic[blank_end] activity & [blank_start]rapid calcification[blank_end] of [blank_start]epiphyseal plates[blank_end] -result: [blank_start]rapid growth spurt[blank_end] at [blank_start]puberty[blank_end] -menopause: [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in estrogen may lead to [blank_start]osteoporosis[blank_end] Progesterone - [blank_start]maintains pregnancy[blank_end]

Testosterone - [blank_start]male[blank_end] source: [blank_start]testes[blank_end] Effects on bone: [blank_start]increase osteoblastic[blank_end] activity & [blank_start]slow calcification[blank_end] of [blank_start]epiphyseal plate[blank_end] result: men grow for a [blank_start]longer[blank_end] period of time than women

Bone remodeling def: removal of [blank_start]existing[blank_end] bone by [blank_start]osteoclasts[blank_end] and [blank_start]deposition[blank_end] of [blank_start]new[blank_end] bone by [blank_start]osteoblasts[blank_end] Functions 1.) change bone [blank_start]shape[blank_end] 2.) maintain [blank_start]calcium ion homeostasis[blank_end] 3.) Bone [blank_start]repair[blank_end] after [blank_start]fracture[blank_end] 4.) Convert [blank_start]spongy[blank_end] bone to [blank_start]compact[blank_end] bone 5.) Replace worn [blank_start]collagen[blank_end] and [blank_start]mineral[blank_end] - [blank_start]bone salts[blank_end] 6.) increase or decrease [blank_start]mass[blank_end] as [blank_start]stress[blank_end] demands

Role of bone cells 1.) osteoblasts: [blank_start]lay down new[blank_end] bone 2.) osteoclasts: [blank_start]phagocytosis of old[blank_end] bone -secrete acid - [blank_start]dissolve[blank_end] bone salts -secrete proteolytic enzymes - [blank_start]collagen digestion[blank_end] -capable of [blank_start]phagocytosis[blank_end]

Role of stress in bone remodeling def: [blank_start]compressive force[blank_end] increase stress ----> [blank_start]increase osteoblastic[blank_end] activity decreased stress ------> [blank_start]decreased osteoblastic[blank_end] activity [blank_start]osteoclastic[blank_end] activity is affected by [blank_start]hormones[blank_end]

select all the examples of the role of stress on bone

put the step of bone repair in order 1.) [blank_start]clot forms[blank_end] 2.) [blank_start]callus of cartilage form[blank_end] 3.) [blank_start]osteoblasts lay spongy bone[blank_end] 4.) [blank_start]bone remodeling occurs[blank_end]

Muscle tissue is specialized for: - [blank_start]contraction[blank_end] - physical [blank_start]shortening[blank_end] - [blank_start]excitability[blank_end] - [blank_start]responds to a stimulus[blank_end] with a [blank_start]membrane signal[blank_end] called [blank_start]action potential[blank_end] -[blank_start]extensibility[blank_end] - can be [blank_start]passively[blank_end] stretched out - [blank_start]elasticity[blank_end] - [blank_start]springs back[blank_end] after stretching -but [blank_start]not mitosis[blank_end] except [blank_start]smooth[blank_end] muscle

Select all that is true about skeletal muscles

Select all that is true about cardiac muscles

Select all that is true about smooth muscles

Match the muscle with its function Skeletal: [blank_start]Movement[blank_end], [blank_start]posture[blank_end], [blank_start]heat production[blank_end], [blank_start]breathing, speech[blank_end] Cardiac: [blank_start]pump blood through body via contractions[blank_end] Smooth: [blank_start]moves fluid along tubes[blank_end]

label - some terms may be used more than once note: the dot in the center of the second image represents the area from 6 to 6 on the diagram

label - some terms may be used more than once

Myofilaments - [blank_start]contractile organelle[blank_end] Myosin- [blank_start]thick[blank_end] actin- [blank_start]thin[blank_end] Bands/Zones: A band - [blank_start]entire length of myosin[blank_end] I band - [blank_start]actin only[blank_end] H zone - [blank_start]myosin only[blank_end] Thick and thin myofilaments [blank_start]do not[blank_end] shorten. Actin is the [blank_start]only[blank_end] thing that moves, myosin [blank_start]does not[blank_end] move. 1.) [blank_start]Crossbridges[blank_end] on myosin [blank_start]ratchet[blank_end] actin along (uses much [blank_start]ATP[blank_end]) 2,) Actin moves [blank_start]closer[blank_end] together 3.) Sarcomeres [blank_start]shorten[blank_end]; myofibril [blank_start]shorten[blank_end] 4.) during contraction: Z disks move [blank_start]closer together[blank_end] , I bands [blank_start]narrow[blank_end] , H zone [blank_start]narrows[blank_end] , A bands [blank_start]do not change in length[blank_end]

Motor neuron Def: [blank_start]nerve cells[blank_end] that carry [blank_start]action potential[blank_end] to [blank_start]muscle fibers[blank_end] / [blank_start]nerve cell[blank_end] that [blank_start]stimulates[blank_end] muscle The neuromuscular junction - where [blank_start]nerve cell[blank_end] and [blank_start]muscle fiber[blank_end] meet Neurotransmitter -Acetylcholine ([blank_start]ACh[blank_end]) - always [blank_start]stimulates[blank_end] -Function: [blank_start]excites[blank_end] muscle to [blank_start]contact[blank_end] Inactivation of ACh - Acetylcholinesterase ([blank_start]ACh-ase[blank_end]) -Function: ensure that [blank_start]one presynaptic[blank_end] action potential produces [blank_start]one postsynaptic[blank_end] action potential

Motor units -Def: [blank_start]one motor neuron[blank_end] and all the muscle fibers it [blank_start]innervates[blank_end] Small Motor unit ex: [blank_start]one[blank_end] neuron innervating [blank_start]ten[blank_end] fibers: [blank_start]fine[blank_end] control. ex: [blank_start]eye movement[blank_end] Large motor unit ex: [blank_start]one[blank_end] neuron innervating [blank_start]1000[blank_end] fibers: [blank_start]gross[blank_end] control. ex: [blank_start]large muscle movement[blank_end] Recruitment of motor units: [blank_start]more[blank_end] motor units are [blank_start]stimulated[blank_end] which [blank_start]increases[blank_end] the [blank_start]number[blank_end] of muscle fibers [blank_start]contracting[blank_end] -> muscle [blank_start]contracts[blank_end] with [blank_start]more[blank_end] force

[blank_start]An action potential on the motor neuron[blank_end] causes [blank_start]the release of ACh[blank_end] which causes [blank_start]a second action potential[blank_end] to occur on the [blank_start]muscle fiber[blank_end] the muscle [blank_start]action potential goes down the T-tubule[blank_end] and causes [blank_start]calcium to be released[blank_end] [blank_start]from the sarcoplasmic reticulum[blank_end] At rest: [blank_start]tropomyosin is blocking[blank_end] [blank_start]actions binding site for myosin[blank_end] after impulse: [blank_start]Ca binds to troponin[blank_end] [blank_start]causing tropomyosin to move and[blank_end] [blank_start]expose actions binding site for myosin[blank_end] [blank_start]A cross bridge can now form[blank_end] [blank_start]between the actin and myosin head[blank_end] [blank_start]ATP already stored in the myosin allows[blank_end] [blank_start]the myosin head to "spring forward"[blank_end] [blank_start](the power stroke)[blank_end] and [blank_start]actin is pulled past myosin[blank_end] [blank_start]ATP is broken down to ADP+P[blank_end] [blank_start]by the head of the myosin[blank_end]. [blank_start]The energy released is used to[blank_end] [blank_start]break the actin-myosin cross bridge[blank_end], and [blank_start]to pull the myosin head into[blank_end] [blank_start]its original position[blank_end], and [blank_start]to provide energy for[blank_end] the [blank_start]next cross bridge formation and movement[blank_end] The [blank_start]sarcomeres shorten as cross bridges[blank_end] [blank_start]form,move, break and reform[blank_end]. This [blank_start]process is repeated throughout as long[blank_end] [blank_start]as calcium and ATP are available[blank_end]

a.) calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum b.) a second action potential to occur on the muscle fiber c.) the muscle action potential goes down the T-tubule and causes d.) an action potential on the motor neuron causes the release of ACh which causes Correct order (seperated by commas): [blank_start]d,b,c,a[blank_end] Within Myofibril e.) At rest: tropomyosin is blocking actions binding site for myosin f.) ATP is broken down to ADP+P by the head of the myosin. g.) expose actions binding site for myosin h.)ATP already stored in the myosin allows the myosin head to "spring forward" (the power stroke) and i.) A cross bridge can now form between the actin and myosin head j.) The sarcomeres shorten as cross bridges form,move, break and reform. This process is repeated throughout as long as calcium and ATP are available k.)after impulse: Ca binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to move and l.) The energy released is used to break the actin-myosin cross bridge, m.)actin is pulled past myosin n.) and to pull the myosin head into its original position, and o.) to provide energy for the next cross bridge formation and movement Correct order (seperated by commas): [blank_start]e,k,g,i,h,m,f,l,n,o,j[blank_end]

the [blank_start]motor neuron[blank_end] must [blank_start]stop sending action potentials[blank_end] [blank_start]ACh is broken down by[blank_end] [blank_start]ACh-ase in the motor neuron[blank_end]. [blank_start]the muscle action potential stops[blank_end]. [blank_start]without the muscle action potential,[blank_end] the [blank_start]sarcoplasmic reticulum actively[blank_end] [blank_start](need ATP)[blank_end] [blank_start]transports calcium back into[blank_end] the [blank_start]sarcoplasmic reticulum.[blank_end] [blank_start]Without calcium tropomyosin[blank_end] again [blank_start]blocks actin's binding site for myosin[blank_end] [blank_start]so that new cross bridges cannot form[blank_end] [blank_start]without crossbridges the muscle is[blank_end] [blank_start]relaxed[blank_end] and [blank_start]can be passively stretched out by[blank_end] [blank_start]another muscle to by gravity[blank_end]

a.) the muscle action potential stops b.) ACh is broken down by ACh-ase in the motor neuron. c.) the motor neuron must stop sending action potentials d.) Without calcium tropomyosin again blocks actin's binding site for myosin so that new cross bridges cannot form e.) without the muscle action potential, the sarcoplasmic reticulum actively (need ATP) transports calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. f.) without cross bridges the muscle is relaxed and can be passively stretched out by another muscle or by gravity Correct order (separated by commas): [blank_start]c,b,a,e,d,f[blank_end]

label

label

label using ^ for increase and v for decrease stim = stimulus

Muscle fatigue def: [blank_start]decreased ability to do work[blank_end] cause: [blank_start]muscle fibers use ATP faster[blank_end] than [blank_start]they produce it[blank_end] effect: [blank_start]muscle contractions become weaker[blank_end]

label ^ increases, v decreases DN: does not

muscle tone state of [blank_start]partial contraction[blank_end] of a [blank_start]whole muscle[blank_end] ex: [blank_start]postural muscles[blank_end] [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] during sleep if lost muscle grows [blank_start]smaller[blank_end]: [blank_start]atrophy[blank_end]

Creatine phosphate: stored in [blank_start]skeletal muscle[blank_end] during [blank_start]resting conditions[blank_end] a.) [blank_start]Creatine P[blank_end] +[blank_start]ADP[blank_end] ----> [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] + [blank_start]creatine[blank_end] b.) type of exercise: [blank_start]vigorous[blank_end] c.) rate of ATP formation: [blank_start]fast[blank_end] d.) time of availability: [blank_start]brief[blank_end] e.) result: [blank_start]short burst of energy[blank_end] Anaerobic respiration: [blank_start]without[blank_end] oxygen a.) [blank_start]1 glucose[blank_end] ---> [blank_start]pyruvic acid[blank_end] -----> [blank_start]lactic acid[blank_end] ([blank_start]waste product[blank_end] that causes [blank_start]fatigue[blank_end]) + [blank_start]2 ATP[blank_end] b.) type of exercise: [blank_start]vigorous[blank_end] c.) rate of ATP formation: [blank_start]rather fast[blank_end] d.) time of availability: [blank_start]up to 3 min[blank_end] e.) result: [blank_start]fast ATP formation[blank_end] but [blank_start]inefficient[blank_end] Aerobic respiration: [blank_start]with[blank_end] oxygen a.) [blank_start]1 glucose[blank_end] + [blank_start]6 O2[blank_end] ------> [blank_start]CO2[blank_end] + [blank_start]H2O[blank_end] + [blank_start]38 ATP[blank_end] b.) [blank_start]Fatty acids[blank_end] +[blank_start]o2[blank_end] ------> [blank_start]co2[blank_end] +[blank_start]h2o[blank_end] + [blank_start]129 ATP[blank_end] c.) types of exercise: [blank_start]at rest and aerobic exercise[blank_end] ([blank_start]sustained, vigorous exercise[blank_end]) d.) rate of ATP formation: [blank_start]slow[blank_end] e.) result: able to form [blank_start]large amounts of ATP[blank_end] for [blank_start]long periods of time[blank_end]

Oxygen deficit - amount of [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] that cells [blank_start]need[blank_end] to [blank_start]replenish ATP[blank_end] after exercise During vigorous exercise a.) insufficient O2 delivery favors [blank_start]anaerobic[blank_end] respiration b.) [blank_start]glycogen[blank_end] is broken down to [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] c.) [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] ---> [blank_start]pyruvic acid -[blank_end]--> [blank_start]lactic acid[blank_end] + [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] d.) [blank_start]lactic acid[blank_end] diffuses out of [blank_start]skeletal[blank_end] muscle and is taken up by the [blank_start]liver[blank_end] After exercise a.) [blank_start]lactic acid[blank_end] is converted to [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] by the [blank_start]liver[blank_end] b.) [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] and [blank_start]creatine phosphate[blank_end] are [blank_start]resynthesized[blank_end] c.) oxygen is restored to [blank_start]blood[blank_end] and [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] Effect of cool-down exercise - [blank_start]pay off[blank_end] oxygen debt Fatigue 1.) Physiological contracture - due to [blank_start]depleted ATP[blank_end] resources, muscles [blank_start]cannot[blank_end] function; cannot [blank_start]relax[blank_end]. [blank_start]cannot[blank_end] be overcome 2.) psychological fatigue - [blank_start]very[blank_end] common, your own [blank_start]perception[blank_end], muscle [blank_start]still[blank_end] function, [blank_start]can[blank_end] be overcome

match

Effect of aerobic exercise A. [blank_start]Increase[blank_end] mass - [blank_start]hypertrophy[blank_end] - number of muscle fibers [blank_start]does not[blank_end] change 1.) [blank_start]increase[blank_end] blood supply 2.) [blank_start]increase[blank_end] mitochondria ([blank_start]ATP[blank_end]) 3.) [blank_start]increase[blank_end] Myofibrils - [blank_start]strength[blank_end] -2&3 - [blank_start]increase[blank_end] the number of organelles in cells Fiber type [blank_start]cannot[blank_end] change

Functions of nervous system 1.) [blank_start]senses environment[blank_end] a.) external - [blank_start]5 senses[blank_end] b.) internal - ex: [blank_start]receptor for blood pressure[blank_end] 2) CNS processes ([blank_start]interprets[blank_end]) the above 3.) responds to interpretation by [blank_start]initiating response[blank_end] in [blank_start]effector[blank_end] ([blank_start]muscle or gland[blank_end]) 4.) nervous system makes [blank_start]rapid homeostatic adjustments[blank_end]

label the reflex arc

label

Nervous system cells Neurons: [blank_start]one way street[blank_end] specialized for: a.) excitability: [blank_start]responds[blank_end] to a [blank_start]stimulus[blank_end] with a [blank_start]signal[blank_end]: [blank_start]action potential[blank_end] b.) transmission: sends a message [blank_start]neuron to neuron[blank_end] "[blank_start]conduction[blank_end]" c.) but not for [blank_start]mitosis[blank_end]

label the dot at the bottom not linked to a letter refers to the area between c and f

Myelin sheath structure: wrapping of [blank_start]plasma membrane[blank_end] of [blank_start]schwann cell[blank_end] (pns) or [blank_start]oligodendrocyte[blank_end] (cns) cell around [blank_start]axon[blank_end] Function: [blank_start]insulates[blank_end] axon, causing [blank_start]rapid conduction[blank_end] of [blank_start]action potential[blank_end] from [blank_start]node of ranvier[blank_end] to [blank_start]node of ranvier[blank_end] axons may also be unmyelinated

structural classification of neurons

Sensory ([blank_start]afferent[blank_end]) - [blank_start]incoming[blank_end] - transmits action potential from [blank_start]receptor to CNS[blank_end] Interneuron ([blank_start]Association[blank_end]) - transmits action potentials [blank_start]within CNS[blank_end] Motor ([blank_start]efferent[blank_end]) - transmits action potentials from [blank_start]CNS to muscle or gland[blank_end]

Gray matter: [blank_start]neuron cell bodies[blank_end] and [blank_start]unmyelinated[blank_end] axons White matter: [blank_start]myelinated[blank_end] bundles of [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] axons Ganglia: neuron cell bodies in [blank_start]PNS[blank_end] ([blank_start]gray[blank_end] matter) Nerves: [blank_start]bundles[blank_end] of axons in [blank_start]PNS[blank_end] -Function classification *Sensory: carry [blank_start]incoming only[blank_end]. ex: [blank_start]optic nerve[blank_end] *Motor: carry [blank_start]outgoing only[blank_end] *Mixed: [blank_start]incoming and outgoing[blank_end] - carries both [blank_start]sensory and motor[blank_end] Tract: [blank_start]bundles[blank_end] of axons in [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] ([blank_start]white[blank_end] matter)

label with name (in box) and function (in bottom corner)

match the similarities and differnces of the pns and cns