3924502
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Which of the following ligaments does NOT assist in securing the STJ?
Respuesta
-
Interosseous ligament
-
Bifurcate ligament
-
Lateral talocalcaneal ligament
-
Posterior talocalcaneal ligament
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
What is the average STJ joint ROM?
Respuesta
-
30 degrees
-
35 degrees
-
40 degrees
-
45 degrees
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Which of the following is not a ligament of the MTJ?
Respuesta
-
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
-
Bifurcate ligaments
-
Long and short plantar ligaments
-
Calcaneofibular ligament
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What is the orientation of the Oblique axis of the MTJ?
Respuesta
-
57 degrees to the Sagittal plane, 52 degrees to the transverse plane
-
15 degrees to the Transverse plane, 9 degrees from the Sagittal plane
-
52 degrees to the Sagittal plane, 57 degrees to the transverse plane
-
9 degrees to the transverse plane, 15 degrees from the sagittal plane
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
How does MTJ ROM change with changes in rearfoot position?
Respuesta
-
It decreases with STJ pronation & Increases with STJ supination
-
It increases with STJ pronation & decreases with STJ supination
-
MTJ ROM doesn't change with respect to changes in rearfoot position
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
What is the orientation of the Longitudinal axis of the MTJ
Respuesta
-
9 degrees to the transverse plane, 15 degrees from the sagittal plane
-
57 degrees to the sagittal plane, 52 degrees to the transverse plane
-
15 Degrees to the Transverse plane, 9 degrees from the sagittal plane
-
52 degrees to the sagittal plane, 57 degrees to the transverse plane
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Forefoot Varus (FFVR) is defined as; The Forefoot inverts with regards to the Rearfoot when the Subtalar joint is in neutral & the Mid tarsal joint is maximally pronated around both axes?
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Forefoot Valgus (FFVL) is defined as: The forefoot everts with regards to the rearfoot when Subtalar joint is in neutral and the Mid tarsal joint is maximally pronated around both axes
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of an acquired Plantarflexed first ray?
Respuesta
-
Muscle Imbalance
-
Neuromuscular disorders
-
May result from uncompensated FFVR
-
Incorrect footwear worn for long periods of time.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
The following are abnormal variations of the 1st ray: Metatarsus primus elevatus, Flexible plantarflexed 1st metatarsal, Rigid plantarflexed 1st ray.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The incidence of the most common variant of the 1st ray is Acquired by 20% of the population.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
An Acquired Plantar flexed First ray usually has equal amounts of DF/PF (From resting position) and normal ROM
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
The following describes a clinical signs of a flexible Plantar flexed first ray:
- Medium to high MLA (Lowers on WB)
- Callus PMA 1-2
- Intermetatarsal bursitis/neuritis
- Dorsomedial 'bunion'
- Exostosis 1st met-cuneiform
- Sesamoid injury
- Plantar Fasciitis
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
The following describes the position of each joint when the foot is in the neutral position:
Ankle: 90 o to leg (Distal 1/3 of leg is vertical)
STJ: the calcaneus is perpendicular to the ground, and parallel to the distal 1/3 of the leg.
MTJ: The midtarsal joint is locked in its’ maximum position of pronation, and therefore the forefoot is locked against the rearfoot. The plantar forefoot plane parallels the rearfoot plane.
1st ray: The 1st metatarsal head moves above and below the level of the 2nd metatarsal head and the same distance when the subtalar joint is in neutral and the MTJ is fully pronated.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Which author describes the different modes of compensation for Forefoot varus and the affects of this on the Rearfoot as:
• Comp. FFVR- if FFVR<=3deg, STJ pronates same amount.
- If FFVR>3 deg STJ pronates to end ROM as body weight now falls medial to the STJ axis
• Partial comp: FFVR- deg of FFVR is greater than available STJ eversion, STJ pronates end ROM, 1st ray may PF or OA MTJ may pronate or LA MTJ may pronate to give 2-5 degrees compensation
• Uncomp- RF has no eversion beyond vertical remaining, - as above
Respuesta
-
Bowden
-
Valmassy
-
Pickard
-
Root
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Compensation for Forefoot varus occurs primarily at which joint?
Respuesta
-
Mid tarsal joint
-
Calcaneonavicular joint
-
Sub talar joint
-
Ankle joint
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
A fully compensated Forefoot varus requires the _______________ to pronate during midstance?
Respuesta
-
MTJ
-
STJ
-
Calcaneus
-
Talus
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a sign of compensated forefoot varus?
Respuesta
-
Low arch
-
Talar bulge
-
Covexity of lateral malleolus
-
Abducted forefoot
-
Everted heel
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
The definition and aetiology of forefoot valgus is: The forefoot everts with respect to the rearfoot with Subtalar joint neutral & Mid tarsal joint axes maximally pronated.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Which two Sub-phases of the stance phase are termed 'Propulsive'?
Respuesta
-
Loading response and mid stance
-
Midstance and terminal stance
-
Terminal stance and pre-swing
-
Pre-swing and loading response
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a termporospatial parameter?
Respuesta
-
Cadence
-
Stride length
-
Heel lift
-
Step length
-
Angle of Gait
-
Base of gait
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Loading response is defined as: Heel strike to opposite toe off, 10% of the gait cycle or 80% stance phase
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Which muscle is considered by far the strongest supinator of the Sub talar Joint?
Respuesta
-
Gastrocnemius
-
Soleus
-
Tibialis posterior
-
Tibialis Anterior
-
Extensor Digitorum longus
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Midstance is defined as: From opposite toe off to heel lift of the supporting foot. 20% of gait cycle or 30% of stance.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Rearfoot Valgus is defined as an everted position of the calcaneus relative to the ground in NCSP
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
What is the prevalence of Pes Cavus according to Burns 2005?
Respuesta
-
5-10%
-
8-20%
-
8-15%
-
20%
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Which of the following biomechanical features does NOT describe Pes Cavus?
Respuesta
-
Plantar flexed and Adducted Forefoot
-
Varus Hindfoot
-
High calcaneal pitch
-
Low Midfoot (Defined by navicular height)
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Which of the following muscle combinations leads to diminished ground contact of the lateral forefoot, placing the peroneals at a disadvantage, less able to pronate the Mid tarsal joint at the Oblique axis and allow the supinators to function unopposed?
Respuesta
-
Weak Extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus
-
Gastrocnemius and soleus tightness
-
Gastrocnemius and soleus weakness
-
Weak Extensor Hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
A [blank_start]high[blank_end] STJ axis is classed as more than 42 degrees from the transverse plane. It allows less [blank_start]Inversion/Eversion[blank_end] and more [blank_start]Abduction/Adduction[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
high
-
Inversion/Eversion
-
Abduction/Adduction
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
SIgns on a a lateral radiograph of a Pes Cavus foot type should include: [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] calcaneal inclination angle (>30 degrees) and [blank_start]increased[blank_end] metatarsal declination angle ([blank_start]25-35[blank_end] degrees)
Respuesta
-
increased
-
Increased
-
25-35
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
A rigid Pes Planus foot type is described as having a lower arch during weight baring and non weight baring, decreased or absence of STJ and mid foot ROM, symptomatic or asymptomatic, and usually has an underlying primary pathology.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
What is the most common tarsal coalition?
Respuesta
-
Calcaneo- talar
-
Calcaneo-cuboid
-
Calcaneo-navicular
-
Calcaneo-cuneiform
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Incidence of Flexible pes planus include: 15% simple flatfoot, 6% equinus, 2% tarsal coalition
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Clinical features of Flexible Pes planus include:
- Calcaneal [blank_start]eversion[blank_end]
- Bowing of Achilles tendon
- [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] curvature observed under the lateral malleoli
- Forefoot abduction (Too many toes sign)
- Medial column/MLA collapse
- Medial talo-navicular bulge
Respuesta
-
Increased
-
eversion
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Wheeless' textbook of orthopaedics states that adult flatfoot may occur in [blank_start]20[blank_end]% of adults, most of which are flexible.
Respuesta
-
20
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
What are the three main types of ulcers in the lower limb?
1. Venous
2. Arterial
3. [blank_start]Neuropathic[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Neuropathic
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
The following factors contribute/influence impaired healing of ulceration: Tissue trauma, autoimmune diseases, Vascular disease, Sensory loss, malignancy, Haematological disease, Infection and drug therapies.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Which of the following is not one of the phases in the process of wound healing?
Respuesta
-
Immediate: Haemostasis
-
Inflammation: Increased blood flow, debridement (Phagocytosis)
-
Proliferation: Granulation
-
Mast cell production
-
Epithelialisation
-
Maturation
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
During the epithelialisation phase of wound healing, the migration proceeds much slower in a moist environment than in a dry wound.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Based on the university of texas wound classification system, '3A' describes which of the following:
Respuesta
-
Superficial - No bone, tendon capsule & non-infected-non-ischaemic
-
Involves tendon or capsule & Ischaemic
-
Involves bone or joint & Non-infected, non Ischaemic
-
Pre-post ulcer with epithelialisation and infection
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The Wagners grading system classifies ulcers by depth.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Tollafield & Merriman describe one of their ideal wound dressing characteristics as ' Draws exudate away from the wound surface, but does not allow drying of the wound surface'.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
The following clinical presentations would best relate to which condition?
• Collagen disorders
• Easy bruising/ scars
• Over-use syndromes present with greater intensity
• Joint and soft tissue pain
• Dislocation of joints
• Link with fibromyalgia in chronic cases
Respuesta
-
Hypo mobility
-
Hyper mobility
-
Pes planus
-
Osteoarthritis
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Without insulin the body produces a toxic by product from the burning of fats; this state is called
Respuesta
-
Hypertension
-
Hypoglycaemia
-
Ketoacidosis
-
Late-onset autoimmune diabetes
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
In the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of chronic venous disease of the lower limbs, the 'CEAP' classification stands for.
C = [blank_start]Clinical[blank_end]
E = Etiology
A = [blank_start]Anatomical site[blank_end]
P = Pathophysiology
Respuesta
-
Clinical
-
Anatomical site
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
A classic site for venous ulceration to occur is above the lateral malleolus around the area of perforators.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
In regards to compression therapy, if you were treating lymphatic oedema, you would use a class 4 of 40-50mmHg compression.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Tinea pedis between the toes may produce a portal of entry for bacteria causing cellulitis
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Stemmer's sign describes Lipoedema as a positive result, whereby pinching the skin on the upper surface of the toes results in only grasping a lump of tissue.Whereas, Lymphedema generally produces a negative result, which describes being able to grasp a thin fold of tissue.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
The five developmental stages of diabetic neuropathic ulceration include:
1. Build up of hardened keratin over bony prominence
2. Sub-dermal tissue break down
3. Sub-dermal blister breaks surface of skin
4. Dermal ulceration
5. Infection of tendon and bone
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Based on the traffic light system of risk stratification:
[blank_start]Low risk[blank_end]: People with no risk factors and no previous history of foot ulceration/amputation
[blank_start]Intermediate risk[blank_end]: People with one risk factor (Neuropathy,PAD, or foot deformity) and no previous history of ulcer/amputation
[blank_start]High risk[blank_end]: People with 2 or more risk factors (neuropathy, PAD, or foot deformity) and/or previous history of foot ulceration/amputation.
Respuesta
-
Low risk
-
High risk
-
Intermediate risk
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Decreased Posterior Tibialis strength or weakness could be the cause of:
Respuesta
-
Excessive Pronation/eversion in RCSP
-
Excessive supination in RCSP
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
In standard 'off the shelf' shoes the last shapes are:
- Curved
- [blank_start]Semi curved[blank_end]
- Straight
Respuesta
-
Semi curved
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
A haemostatic agent is one that:
Respuesta
-
Lessens and relieves pain by removing the cause or changing response/perception of pain
-
Arrests or diminishes the flow of blood
-
Lessen sensitivity to pain by acting directly on nerve endings
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
A rubefacient is a medicament which produces a mild local inflammation when applied to the skin.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Anhydrotics are preparations that increase the flow of sweat
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
The compound benzoin tincture is made up of: 10% benzoin, 7.5% storax, 2.5% tolu balsam, 2% aloes, alcohol to 100%
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Amorolfine is the active ingredient found in which topical antifungal agent?
Respuesta
-
Lamisil
-
Loceryl
-
Daktarin
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Hallux Limitus is described as painful limitation of 1st MPJ motion with no other deformity.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
The Manchester scale is used to grade the severity of hallux valgus. It is based of standardised photographs and is reliable and valid compared to x-rays. What would a grade of 2 represent?
Respuesta
-
Severe
-
No deformity
-
Moderate
-
Mild HV
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
The grading severity can also be classified into four stages, depending on the progression of pathology. What stage best describes 'Abduction of hallux which presses against toe'?
Respuesta
-
Stage 1
-
Stage 2
-
Stage 3
-
Stage 4
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
If a patient presents with hallux valgus and describes their type of pain as 'Numbness, tingling, and sharp' what could be the cause of this?
Respuesta
-
Bursitis related
-
Nerve related
-
OA, sesamoid problems, transfer lesion related
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
The medial tubercle of the calcaneal tuberosity is an attachment site for the Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis, Quadratus plantae and Plantar Fascia.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
The baxter's nerve is also known as the:
Respuesta
-
Medial plantar nerve
-
Medial calcaneal nerve
-
Lateral plantar nerve
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
The windlass mechanism describes tension in the plantar fascia as increased with overpronation/pes planus.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
Paratenonitis can be described as:
Respuesta
-
Inflammation of the tendon itself
-
Inflammation of the tendon sheath/paratenon
-
Tendon degeneration (No inflammation)
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
The following are areas commonly affected by Bursitis: Retrocalcaneal, 1st and 5th MPJ, Submetatarsal, Plantar Calcaneal area.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
The reflex grading system is used in motor function assessment. Please fill in the blanks:
[blank_start]0 = Absent[blank_end]
1 = Normal
[blank_start]2 = Increased[blank_end]
3 = Clonus
Respuesta
-
2 = Increased
-
0 = Absent
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
The Insertion of the extensor hallucis longus is at the:
Respuesta
-
Dorsal surface of base of the 5th Metatarsal
-
Base of the distal phalanx of hallux
-
Plantar surface of distal phalanx of hallux
-
Calcaneal tendon
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
What is the origin of the Abductor Hallucis?
Respuesta
-
Plantar aponeurosis
-
Tuberosity of the calcaneus
-
Medial surface of the calcaneus
-
Plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
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