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CBLG101 - Chapter 8 Joints

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Biology Test sobre CBLG101 - Chapter 8 Joints, creado por Sarah S el 01/06/2024.
Sarah S
Test por Sarah S, actualizado hace 9 meses
Sarah S
Creado por Sarah S hace 9 meses
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
What is another word for joints?
Respuesta
  • Articulations
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Cartilage

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
What is the definition of joints?
Respuesta
  • Sites where two or more bones meet
  • Areas where muscles attach to bones
  • Places where tendons and ligaments connect
  • Locations of bone marrow production

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
What is the function of joints?
Respuesta
  • To give the skeleton mobility and hold the skeleton together
  • To protect internal organs
  • To produce red and white blood cells
  • To store minerals and fats

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
What are the types of classifications of joints?
Respuesta
  • Structural - based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present
  • Functional - based on movement the joint allows
  • Anatomical - based on the location in the body
  • Both Structural and Functional

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
What are the structural types of joints?
Respuesta
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
  • All of the above

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
What are the functional types of joints?
Respuesta
  • Synarthroses
  • Amphiarthroses
  • Diarthroses
  • All of the above

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
What does synarthroses mean?
Respuesta
  • Immovable joints
  • Slightly movable joints
  • Freely movable joints
  • None of the above

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
What does amphiarthroses mean?
Respuesta
  • Immovable joints
  • Slightly movable joints
  • Freely movable joints
  • None of the above

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
What does diarthroses mean?
Respuesta
  • Immovable joints
  • Slightly movable joints
  • Freely movable joints
  • None of the above

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
What are the types of fibrous joints?
Respuesta
  • Sutures
  • Syndesmoses
  • Gomphoses
  • All of the above

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
What is not true about fibrous joints?
Respuesta
  • Bones are joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
  • No joint cavity is present
  • Most are immovable, depending on the length of tissue fibers
  • They have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
What is a suture?
Respuesta
  • A joint found only in the skull, held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock
  • A joint held together by a ligament with varying tissue lengths
  • A "peg in socket" fibrous joint with a periodontal ligament that holds tooth in socket
  • A joint that unites the bones with hyaline cartilage

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
What is a syndesmosis?
Respuesta
  • A joint found only in the skull, held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock
  • A joint held together by a ligament with varying tissue lengths
  • A "peg in socket" fibrous joint with a periodontal ligament that holds tooth in socket
  • A joint that unites the bones with fibrocartilage

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
What is a gomphosis?
Respuesta
  • A joint found only in the skull, held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock
  • A joint held together by a ligament with varying tissue lengths
  • A "peg in socket" fibrous joint with a periodontal ligament that holds tooth in socket
  • A fluid-filled, diarthrotic joint

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
What is not true about cartilaginous joints?
Respuesta
  • Bones united by cartilage
  • Like fibrous joints, have no joint cavity
  • Not highly movable
  • Include almost all limb joints

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Respuesta
  • Synchondroses and symphyses
  • Syndesmosis and symphyses
  • Synchondroses and syndesmosis
  • Synovial and fibrous

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
What are synchondroses?
Respuesta
  • Bones united by hyaline cartilage
  • Bones united by fibrocartilage
  • Bones united by dense fibrous tissue
  • Joints allowing free movement in multiple directions

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
What are symphyses?
Respuesta
  • Bones united by hyaline cartilage
  • Bones united by fibrocartilage
  • Bones united by dense fibrous tissue
  • Joints allowing free movement in multiple directions

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
What is true about synovial joints
Respuesta
  • Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
  • All are diarthrotic (freely movable) and include almost all limb joints
  • Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them
  • All the above

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
What are the six general features of synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • Articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular (joint) capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves & blood vessels
  • Articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, muscle fibers, synovial fluid, reinforcing tendons, cartilage cells
  • Joint (synovial) cavity, articular (joint) capsule, muscle fibers, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerve endings
  • Articular cartilage, muscle fibers, joint (synovial) cavity, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, blood plasma

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
What are the three factors that influence synovial joint stability?
Respuesta
  • The shapes of the articular surfaces, the number & positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone
  • The amount of synovial fluid, the strength of the articular capsule, and bone density
  • The elasticity of the cartilage, the length of the tendons, and the flexibility of the ligaments
  • The size of the joint cavity, the presence of bursae, and the type of connective tissue

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
Respuesta
  • Types of bones that provide structural support
  • Fibrous joints that connect bones
  • Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between adjacent structures during joint activity
  • Types of cartilage that form flexible connections between bones

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
What is the difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?
Respuesta
  • Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs occurring where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together while tendon sheaths are elongated and wrap around a tendon.
  • Bursae connect bones to each other, while tendon sheaths connect muscles to bones.
  • Bursae are found only in the lower limbs, while tendon sheaths are found only in the upper limbs.
  • Bursae produce synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths produce cartilage.

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
What is true of the articular cartilage of synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • They consist of fibrocartilage covering the ends of bones and provide flexibility to the joint.
  • They consist of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones and prevent them from being crushed.
  • They consist of elastic cartilage covering the ends of bones and allow extensive movement.
  • They consist of fibrous tissue covering the ends of bones and limit joint mobility.

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
What is true of the cavity of synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • They are large, air-filled spaces that provide cushioning between bones.
  • They are small, fluid-filled potential spaces that are unique to synovial joints and can expand if fluid accumulates from inflammation.
  • They are filled with cartilage that aids in shock absorption.
  • They contain muscle fibers that enhance joint movement.

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
What is untrue of the articular capsule of synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • It is two layers thick and encloses the synovial cavity.
  • The tough external fibrous layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
  • The inner synovial membrane is composed of loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid.
  • The inner synovial membrane is composed of dense regular connective tissue that makes synovial fluid.

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
What is true about synovial fluid?
Respuesta
  • Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  • Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  • Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
  • All the above

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
What are the different types of reinforcing ligaments in synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • Medial, lateral, and posterior ligaments
  • Capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular ligaments
  • Superior, inferior, and anterior ligaments
  • Long, short, and flat ligaments

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
In synovial joints, what are capsular reinforcing ligaments?
Respuesta
  • Thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule
  • Distinct ligaments found outside the articular capsule
  • Distinct ligaments found deep to the articular capsule and covered by synovial membrane.
  • None of the above

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
In synovial joints, what are extracapsular reinforcing ligaments?
Respuesta
  • Thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule
  • Distinct ligaments found outside the articular capsule
  • Distinct ligaments found deep to the articular capsule and covered by synovial membrane.
  • None of the above

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
In synovial joints, what are intracapsular reinforcing ligaments?
Respuesta
  • Thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule
  • Distinct ligaments found outside the articular capsule
  • Distinct ligaments found deep to the articular capsule and covered by synovial membrane.
  • None of the above

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
What do the nerve fibers in synovial joints do?
Respuesta
  • They secrete synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
  • They provide structural support to the joint capsule.
  • They facilitate muscle contraction for joint movement.
  • They detect pain and monitor joint stretch and position.

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points. What are these points called?
Respuesta
  • The origin is attached to the immovable bone and the insertion is attached to the movable bone.
  • The insertion is attached to the immovable bone and the origin is attached to the movable bone.
  • The anchoring point is attached to the immovable bone and the junction point is attached to the movable bone.
  • The junction point is attached to the immovable bone and the anchroing point is attached to the movable bone.

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
How does body movement occur?
Respuesta
  • When bones glide smoothly over each other
  • When muscles contract across joints and their insertion moves toward their origin
  • When ligaments stretch and return to their original shape
  • When tendons push bones away from each other

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
What terms describe the range of motion allowed by synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • Fixed, semi-fixed, and freely movable
  • Nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
  • Single-plane, double-plane, triple-plane, quad-plane
  • Limited, moderate, extensive, unrestricted

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
What does nonaxial mean?
Respuesta
  • Slipping movements only
  • Movement in one plane
  • Movement in two planes
  • Movement in or around all three planes

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
What does uniaxial mean?
Respuesta
  • Slipping movements only
  • Movement in one plane
  • Movement in two planes
  • Movement in or around all three planes

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
What does biaxial mean?
Respuesta
  • Slipping movements only
  • Movement in one plane
  • Movement in two planes
  • Movement in or around all three planes

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
What does multiaxial mean?
Respuesta
  • Slipping movements only
  • Movement in one plane
  • Movement in two planes
  • Movement in or around all three planes

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
What are the three general types of body movements?
Respuesta
  • Flexion, extension, hyperextension
  • Gliding, angular movements, rotation
  • Abduction, adduction, circumduction
  • Supination, pronation, inversion

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
What are gliding movements like those that occur at the intercarpal joints of the wrist?
Respuesta
  • Rotating one bone around its long axis
  • Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones
  • Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
  • Moving a limb away from the midline of the body

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
Which of these are types of angular movements?
Respuesta
  • Flexion and extension
  • Hyperextension and abduction
  • Adduction and circumduction
  • All of the above

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
What are angular movements?
Respuesta
  • Movements that rotate one bone around its long axis
  • Movements that increase or decrease the angle between two bones and may occur in any plane of the body
  • Movements that slide the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
  • Movements that move a limb away from or toward the midline of the body

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
What is flexion?
Respuesta
  • Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
  • Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
  • Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
  • Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
Which of these movements is not flexion?
Respuesta
  • Bending the head forward on the chest
  • Bending the body trunk from a straight to an angled position
  • Lifting the arm in an anterior direction
  • Spreading toes apart

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
What is extension?
Respuesta
  • Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
  • Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
  • Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane
  • Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
Which of these movements is an extension?
Respuesta
  • Straightening a flexed limb or body part
  • Angling the neck backwards
  • Bending the knee backwards
  • Rotating the head left

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
What is hyperextension?
Respuesta
  • Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones
  • Moving a limb away from the midline of the body
  • Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
  • Extending a limb or body part beyond the anatomical position

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
What is abduction?
Respuesta
  • Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
  • Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane
  • Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
  • Turning a bone around its longitudinal axis

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
Which of these movements is not an abduction?
Respuesta
  • Moving a limb away from the midline of the body
  • Raising the arm laterally at the shoulder
  • Spreading the fingers or toes apart
  • Lateral bending of the trunk away from the body midline in the frontal plane

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
What is adduction?
Respuesta
  • Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
  • Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane
  • Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
  • Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
What is circumduction?
Respuesta
  • Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
  • Rotating toward the median plane
  • Rotating away from the median plane
  • Turning a bone around its longitudinal axis

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
Why is circumduction an angular movement?
Respuesta
  • It involves a rotational movement around a central axis
  • It consists of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction performed in succession
  • It slides the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
  • It moves a limb in a straight line away from the body

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
What is a rotation movement?
Respuesta
  • Turning a bone around its longitudinal axis
  • Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
  • Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
  • Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
What are medial and lateral rotations?
Respuesta
  • Medial rotates towards the median plane and lateral rotates away from the median plane
  • Medial rotates away from the median plane and lateral rotates towards the median plane
  • Medial rotates in a circular motion and lateral rotates in a linear motion
  • Medial rotates upwards and lateral rotates downwards

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
What are supination and pronation movements?
Respuesta
  • Supination involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points downward, while pronation involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points upward
  • Pronation involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points downward, while supination involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points upward
  • Supination involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points upward, while pronation involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points downward
  • Pronation involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points upward, while supination involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points downward

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
What is dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
Respuesta
  • Dorsiflexion lifts the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin and plantar flexion depresses the foot so the toes are pointed.
  • Plantar flexion lifts the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin and dorsiflexion depresses the foot so the toes are pointed.
  • Dorsiflexion turns the sole of the foot medially and plantar flexion turns the sole of the foot laterally.
  • Plantar flexion turns the sole of the foot medially and dorsiflexion turns the sole of the foot laterally.

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
What is inversion and eversion?
Respuesta
  • Inversion turns the sole of the foot medially and eversion turns the sole of the foot laterally.
  • Eversion turns the sole of the foot medially and inversion turns the sole of the foot laterally.
  • Inversion lifts a body part superiorly while eversion moves the inverted part inferiorly.
  • Eversion lifts a body part superiorly while inversion moves the everted part inferiorly.

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
What are protraction and retraction movements?
Respuesta
  • The mandible is protracted when you just our your jaw and retracted when you bring it back.
  • The mandible is retracted when you just our your jaw and protracted when you bring it back.
  • Retraction is a portion of the body being moved forward on a plane parallel to the ground and protraction is a movement that results in the retracted portion of the body being moved on a parallel plane, back to its original position.
  • Scapular protraction pulls the shoulder blades together toward the spine and scapular retraction is when the scapulae move laterally away from the spine.

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
What are elevation and depression movements?
Respuesta
  • Elevation means lifting a body part superiorly and depression moves the elevated part inferiorly.
  • Depression means lifting a body part superiorly and elevation moves the depressed part inferiorly.
  • Elevation is a nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane and depression is the posterior movement.
  • Depression is a nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane and elevation is the posterior movement.

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
What is the opposition movement?
Respuesta
  • Bringing the thumb and a finger tip together across the palm
  • Moving the thumb in a circular motion
  • Moving the thumb towards the midline
  • Moving the thumb away from the midline

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
What are the different types of synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • Plane and hinge
  • Pivot and condylar
  • Saddle and ball-and-socket
  • All of the above

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
What are plane synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.
  • They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.
  • They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.
  • They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
What are hinge synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.
  • They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.
  • They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.
  • They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
What are pivot synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.
  • They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.
  • They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.
  • They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
What are condylar synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.
  • They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.
  • They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.
  • The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
What are saddle synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.
  • They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.
  • The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.
  • They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
What are ball-and-socket synovial joints?
Respuesta
  • They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.
  • The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.
  • They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.
  • They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
Which of these are a plane joint?
Respuesta
  • Intercarpal joints
  • Elbow joints
  • Proximal radioulnar joints
  • Wrist joint and knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
Which of these are a hinge joint?
Respuesta
  • Elbow joints
  • Proximal radioulnar joints
  • Wrist joints and knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal)
  • Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
Which of these are a pivot joint?
Respuesta
  • Proximal radioulnar joints
  • Wrist joints and knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal)
  • Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
  • Shoulder joints and hip joints

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
Which of these are condylar joints?
Respuesta
  • Wrist joints and knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal)
  • Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
  • Shoulder joints and hip joints
  • Intercarpal joints

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
Which of these are saddle joints?
Respuesta
  • Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
  • Shoulder joints and hip joints
  • Intercarpal joints
  • Elbow joints

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
Which of these are ball-and-socket joints?
Respuesta
  • Shoulder joints and hip joints
  • Intercarpal joints
  • Elbow joints
  • Proximal radioulnar joints

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
What is true of a cartilage tear?
Respuesta
  • Cartilage rarely repairs itself and the fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
  • Repaired with arthroscopic surgery to remove cartilage fragments which renders the joint less stable but more mobile (complete removal leads to osteoarthritis)
  • Caused when articular cartilage is subjected to compression and shear stress at the same time
  • All of the above

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
What is true of a sprain?
Respuesta
  • Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
  • Partial tears repair very slowly because of poor vascularization
  • If torn completely, 3 options: ends of ligaments sewn together, replaced with grafts, allow time and immobilization for healing
  • All of the above

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
What is untrue of a dislocation?
Respuesta
  • Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joint
  • Caused by serious falls or contact sports where the bones are forced out of alignment
  • Must be reduced to treat (aka bone ends returned to their proper positions)
  • Also called a subluxation

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
What is a subluxation?
Respuesta
  • A partial dislocation of a joint
  • Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction
  • Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
  • Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
What is bursitis?
Respuesta
  • Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction
  • Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
  • Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
  • A partial dislocation of a joint

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
What is tendonitis?
Respuesta
  • Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
  • A partial dislocation of a joint
  • Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
  • Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
What is arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
  • Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction
  • Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
  • A partial dislocation of a joint

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
What is untrue of arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Most widespread crippling disease in North America.
  • Symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of joint
  • Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics
  • Acute forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
What is untrue of Osteoarthritis (OA)?
Respuesta
  • Most common type of arthritis and is an irreversible, degenerative (“wear-and-tear”) arthritis
  • Joints may be stiff and make crunching noise referred to as crepitus, especially upon rising
  • Treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams
  • OA is not usually part of normal aging process

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?
Respuesta
  • Osteoarthritis may reflect excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage.
  • Osteoarthritis is characterized by inflammation of the joint capsule and excessive production of synovial fluid.
  • Osteoarthritis results from infection of the joints by bacteria or viruses.
  • Osteoarthritis is primarily caused by autoimmune reactions targeting the synovial membrane.

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
What is true of gouty arthritis?
Respuesta
  • It typically affects joint at base of big toe and in untreated gouty arthritis, bone ends fuse and immobilize joint
  • Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
  • Treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol and foods high in purines (such as liver, kidneys, and sardines)
  • All of the above

Pregunta 86

Pregunta
How do you treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease pain and inflammation
  • Disruption of destruction of joints by suppressing immune system which slows the autoimmune reaction. Some agents target tumour necrosis factor to block action of inflammatory chemicals
  • Can replace joint with prosthesis
  • All of the above

Pregunta 87

Pregunta
What is the first step of rheumatoid arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint
  • Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues
  • Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling
  • Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage

Pregunta 88

Pregunta
What is the second step of rheumatoid arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues
  • Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling
  • Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage
  • Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)

Pregunta 89

Pregunta
What is the third step of rheumatoid arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling
  • Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage
  • Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)
  • Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint

Pregunta 90

Pregunta
What is the fourth step of rheumatoid arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage
  • Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)
  • Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint
  • Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues

Pregunta 91

Pregunta
What is the last step of rheumatoid arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)
  • Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint
  • Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues
  • Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling

Pregunta 92

Pregunta
What is pannus tissue?
Respuesta
  • Healthy cartilage found in joints.
  • Scar tissue formed after joint replacement surgery.
  • Abnormal tissue growth in the synovial lining of joints.
  • Fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone.

Pregunta 93

Pregunta
What is ankylosis?
Respuesta
  • Inflammation of the synovial membrane.
  • Abnormal bone fusion, leading to stiffness and immobility of a joint.
  • Degeneration of articular cartilage.
  • Excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage.

Pregunta 94

Pregunta
What is untrue of rheumatoid arthritis?
Respuesta
  • Chronic and inflammatory
  • Has a known cause
  • Is an autoimmune disease (immune system attacks own cells)
  • Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
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