Clinical Medicine: Pulmonary Pathophysiology I

The respiratory tract is composed of these types of cells:

In respiration, the [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] nervous system uses [blank_start]adrenergic[blank_end] neurons and [blank_start]B2[blank_end] receptors to dilate the airways; and the [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] nervous system uses [blank_start]cholinergic[blank_end] neurons and [blank_start]muscarinic[blank_end] receptors to constrict the airways.

[blank_start]Type 1 Pneumocytes[blank_end] in the alveoli allow for the diffusion of gases. [blank_start]Type 2 Pneumocytes[blank_end] produce [blank_start]surfactant[blank_end] to reduce surface tension. [blank_start]Alveolar macrophages[blank_end] remove dust.

Internal and external intercostal muscles are not used for inspiration during normal quiet breathing.

The [blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end] is the prime mover of respiration, contracting it [blank_start]enlarges the thoracic cavity[blank_end], causing [blank_start]inspiration[blank_end]; whereas relaxing it causes [blank_start]expiration[blank_end]. This accounts for about [blank_start]2/3[blank_end] of airflow.

Expiration is normally passive, caused by the elastic recoil of distended alveoli.

[blank_start]Tidal Volume[blank_end] - volume that fills the lungs (alveoli and airways) during normal breathing (~ [blank_start]500[blank_end] mL) [blank_start]Vital Capacity[blank_end] - max expiration after max inspiration (~ [blank_start]4700[blank_end] mL) [blank_start]Residual Volume[blank_end] - remaining volume of air in lungs after max forced expiration (~ [blank_start]1200[blank_end] mL) [blank_start]Functional Residual Capacity[blank_end] - the volume of air remaining in lungs after a normal expiration (~ [blank_start]2400[blank_end] mL) Total Lung Capacity - [blank_start]VC + RV[blank_end] (~ [blank_start]5900[blank_end] mL) [blank_start]FEV1[blank_end] - forced VC after 1 sec

A normal FEV1/FVC is:

Obstructive pulmonary disease may be caused by: (choose all that apply)

Emphysema, caused by the breakdown in alveolar wall and loss of elasticity, will result in [blank_start]increased[blank_end] compliance.

Which of the following, while rare, may be the cause COPD (emphysema) symptoms in younger, non-smoking adults.

COPD may cause which of the following (select all that apply)

Restrictive Pulmonary Disease is caused by:

Restrictive pulmonary diseases may encompass which of the following diseases/disorders: (check all that apply)

Which of the following may cause both restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disorders?

Restrictive pulmonary disease, causing the gradual replacement of normal lung tissue with fibrotic tissue, results in [blank_start]increased[blank_end] elastic recoil, [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] lung compliance, and [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] lung volumes.

Which of the following may be true regarding forced expiratory volumes in the case of restrictive lung disease?

All lung volumes are reduced (including TLC, FRC, and RV) in restrictive lung disease, but their relative proportions to each other are more or less preserved.

Which of the following are TRUE for Restrictive lung diseases:

Which of the following statements is/are true:

Which of the following is the greatest factor influencing lung recoil?

Surfactant [blank_start]increases[blank_end] lung compliance and [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] lung recoil by [blank_start]lowering[blank_end] surface tension in the alveoli.

During what week span does surfactant appear in a developing fetus?

Increased lung recoil (high rebound) and decreased compliance (difficult to stretch) requires [blank_start]more negative[blank_end] intrapleural pressure to inflate the lung.

When abnormally high negative interpleural pressure is required to maintain lung volumes (e.g. atelectasis) this may result in:

Which of the following may cause surfactant to become non-functional in maturity? (select all that apply)

In regards to the fluid dynamics of respiration, which of the following could result in increased interstitial fluid and thus pulmonary edema? (check all that apply)

Which of the following conditions may cause pulmonary edema?

Which of the following might be used to treat pulmonary edema?

The partial pressures of ventilatory gases in the alveoli are identical to that of the systemic arterial blood.

The ratio of ventilation (air flow) to perfusion (blood flow) need to match for maximum gas exchange.