Which of the following is a covalent post-translational modification of signal proteins which is also ATP-independent?
Respuesta
Phosphorylation
GTP Hydrolysis
Nitrosylation
Oxidation
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most dangerous to cells?
Respuesta
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Superoxide anion radical (O2*-)
Hydroxyl radical (OH*)
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
When a signaling protein hydrolyzes a nucleotide triphosphate, order is produced. The resulting order is reflected in the formation of more protein-protein interactions.
Respuesta
True
False
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
For a generic switching reaction, which of the following statements is the most correct?
Respuesta
Switching a signal-processing protein "ON" always requires energy.
Switching a signal-processing protein "ON" or "OFF" requires energy, but only one direction for the switch must be linked to an energy-supplying reaction.
Switching a signal-processing protein "OFF" always requires energy.
Switching a signal-processing protein "ON" always requires energy, and switching a signal-processing protein "OFF" also always requires energy.
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Which of the following terms refers to the way in which the binding of signal molecules alter conformation equilibrium for signal-processing proteins?
Respuesta
allostery
scaffolding
covalent interaction
adaptation
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Which of the following is not a strategy for maintaining and improving stability in a signal-processing system?
Respuesta
noise filtering
redundancy
encoding
pattern generation
adaptation
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Which of the following types of proteins acts to vastly speed up signal transduction by pre-assembling signaling proteins into a signaling complex?
Respuesta
noise-filtering proteins
proteins with one or more isoforms (alternatively-spliced proteins)
adaptor proteins
scaffold (scaffolding) proteins
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which statement is false?
Respuesta
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell takes advantage of the modular design of proteins to link specific outputs to specific inputs.
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell employs at least 4 mechanisms to maintain and improve stability.
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell controls the availability and non-availability of interaction domains to govern how a signal is processed
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell uses proteins as switching elements.
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell rarely links short-range and long-range signaling during signal transduction.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Which family of proteins acts as unfoldases to dissociate protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes?
Respuesta
the large (trimeric) G-protein family
the small G-protein family
the chaperone family
the AAA+ protein family
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Chaperone proteins such as heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) use the energy of _____ hydrolysis to enable misfolded steroid hormone receptors to go from native state (stable but non-functional state) to functional state.
Respuesta
ATP
glutathione
phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
GTP
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
For the phosphorylation switch, which of the following amino acids is not a common target of phosphorylation?
Respuesta
threonine (Thr)
lysine (Lys)
serine (Ser)
tyrosine (Tyr)
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Which of the major subfamilies of protein kinases includes protein kinases that are activated by cAMP and cGMP?
Respuesta
the CMGC kinases
the Ste11 family
the AGC family
the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of the major subfamilies of protein kinases includes protein kinases that phosphorylate Ser and Thr amino acids in the neighborhood of Pro residues?
Respuesta
the CMGC kinases
the Ste11 family
the AGC family
the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Which of the major subfamilies of protein kinases includes mainly protein kinases that are constituents of MAP kinase modules?