5323970
Descripción
Test por Kathryn Borg, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Kathryn Borg
hace más de 8 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is the basic structure of Adenoviridae?
Respuesta
-
Non‐enveloped, icosahedral, ds DNA
-
Enveloped, icosahedral, ds DNA
-
Enveloped, icosahedral, ss DNA
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which of the below are features of Adenoviridae?
Respuesta
-
Relatively stable in environment
-
Persistent infection common
-
Narrow host ranges
-
Causes respiratory and gastroenteric diseases
-
Labile in the environment
-
Rarely a persistent infection
-
Can infect a variety of hosts
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Which of the below are genera of Adenoviridae
Respuesta
-
Siadenovirus
-
Atadenovirus
-
Mastadenovirus
-
Aviadenovirus
-
Betaherpesviridae
-
Panleukopaenia virus
-
Orbivirus
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
How can canine adenovirus 1 (canine hepatitis) be transmitted?
Respuesta
-
Infection through nasopharyngeal, oral and conjunctival route of entry
-
Vector transmission
-
Ingestion of urine, faeces or saliva from an infected animal
-
Transdermal infection
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
What is the route of infection of canine adenovirus 1?
Respuesta
-
Tonsillar crypts-->Regional lymph nodes-->Bloodstream via thoracic duct-->Endothelial and parenchymal cells of many organs
-
Tonsillar crypts-->Regional lymph nodes-->Bloodstream via thoracic duct-->Endothelial and parenchymal cells of only the kidneys
-
Regional lymph nodes-->Tonsillar crypts-->Bloodstream via thoracic duct-->Endothelial and parenchymal cells of only the liver
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Infection of endothelial and parenchymal cells of many organs leads to?
Respuesta
-
Haemorrhage and necrosis, especially of liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs
-
Asymptomatic infection
-
CNS dysfunction
-
Tumour formation
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
In general terms clinical recovery coincides with production of neutralising antibody, approximately how long after infection?
Respuesta
-
10 days
-
3 days
-
21 days
-
19 days
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What are the overlapping syndromes of clinical disease in animals infected with canine adenovirus 1?
Respuesta
-
Peracute disease: pup found dead, often with short lived (3‐4 hours) or no apparent illness
-
Acute disease: may be fatal. Fever, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea, pettechial haemorrhages of gums, pale mucous membranes
-
Mild or inapparent disease
-
Chronic disease: Chronic fever, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea, pettechial haemorrhages of gums, pale mucous membranes
-
Peracute disease: may be fatal. Fever, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea, pettechial haemorrhages of gums, pale mucous membranes
-
Acute disease: pup found dead, often with short lived (3‐4 hours) or no apparent illness
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What is the incubation period of canine adenovirus 1?
Respuesta
-
4-9 days
-
2-3 days
-
10-12 days
-
12-24 hrs
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
When might canine adenovirus 1 be suggested as a diagnosis for a patient that enters the clinic?
Respuesta
-
History of fever, sudden collapse, and abdominal pain in young dogs
-
History of fever, sneezing and nasal discharge in older dogs
-
History of fever, sudden collapse, and abdominal pain in older dogs
-
History of fever, sneezing and nasal discharge in younger dogs
-
History of fever and seizures in younger dogs
-
History of fever and seizures in older dogs
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
How long can recovered dogs shed canine adenovirus 1 in urine for?
Respuesta
-
up to 6 months
-
up to 3 weeks
-
up to 1 month
-
up to 12 days
-
up to 12 months
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Why might corneal oedema (Blue eye) develop in convalescing dogs and dogs recently vaccinated with CAV1?
Respuesta
-
Caused by virus‐antibody complexes in the small blood vessels of the ciliary body affecting fluid exchange across the cornea
-
Caused by vaccine adjuvent in the small blood vessels of the ciliary body affecting fluid exchange across the cornea
-
Caused by a hypersensitivity type I reaction in response to viral antibodies in the small blood vessels of the ciliary body affecting fluid exchange across the cornea
-
Caused by cytokine production by B cells in the small blood vessels of the ciliary body affecting fluid exchange across the cornea
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of the below are features of a CAV2 (Canine adenovirus 2) infection?
Respuesta
-
Can lead to bronchitis and bronchiolitis
-
Causes localised respiratory disease (part of kennel cough complex)
-
No systemic infection
-
CAV2 provides complete homologous protection and cross protection against disease caused by CAV1 without side effects
-
Convalescing animals can develop corneal oedema (Blue eye)
-
Causes haemorrhage and necrosis, especially of liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Which of the below are features of Equine adenovirus1?
Respuesta
-
Isolated worldwide
-
Isolated from young horses with and without respiratory disease (can be symptomatic or asymptomatic)
-
Always causes symptomatic disease
-
Latent infection
-
Virus is endemic only to South East Asia and Africa
-
Mostly asymptomatic or mild disease
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Which of the below are features of Equine adenovirus 2?
Respuesta
-
Isolated from lymph nodes and faeces of foals with respiratory disease and diarrhoea
-
Mostly asymptomatic or mild disease
-
Latent infection
-
Isolated worldwide
-
Endemic only to Africa and North America
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What breed of horses (foals) is known to be born with a genetically based primary severe combined immunodeficiency (an autosomal inherited defect) where there is a complete absence of T and B lymphocytes, and the animals are unable to mount an adaptive immune response when maternal immunity wanes making them susceptible to death within 3 months of birth from adenovirus 1 and 2?
Respuesta
-
Arabian foals
-
Thoroughbred foals
-
Friesian foals
-
Clydesdale foals
-
Dutch warmblood foals
-
Shetland pony
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
What family of viruses is this cow likely to be infected with?
Respuesta
-
A Papillomavirus
-
An Adenovirus
-
Herpesviridae
-
Panleukopaenia viruses
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What is the basic structure of the Papillomaviruses?
Respuesta
-
Non‐enveloped double stranded circular DNA viruses
-
Enveloped double stranded circular DNA viruses
-
Non‐enveloped single stranded circular DNA viruses
-
Enveloped single stranded circular DNA viruses
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What do Papillomaviruses cause?
Respuesta
-
Papillomas (warts)
-
Ulcers
-
Papules
-
Macules
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Which of the below are features of Papillomaviruses?
Respuesta
-
May give rise to carcinomas, usually with appropriate co‐factors
-
Papillomavirus replication linked to growth and differentiation of stratified squamous epithelium of skin and some mucous membranes
-
Resistant in the environment
-
Resistant to solvents, disinfectants, low pH and high temperature
-
Resistant to solvents, disinfectants, high pH and low temperature
-
Labile in the environment
-
Usually regress after several weeks
-
Lesions are typically finger‐like projections of proliferating epithelium supported by a thin core of fibrous connective tissue
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
In what age group of animals are papillomavirus lesions usually associated?
Respuesta
-
Young animals
-
Old animals
-
Middle aged animals
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What species of animal are the most commonly affected by papillomavirus warts?
Respuesta
-
Cattle
-
Sheep
-
Horses
-
Dogs
-
Pigs
-
Chickens
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
How many different bovine papillomaviruses are recognised?
Respuesta
-
At least 10 different genera
-
At least 20 different genera
-
At least 2 different genera
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
How are bovine papillomaviruses transmitted?
Respuesta
-
Transmission by fomite transfer (eg. contaminated equipment and facilities)
-
Sexual transmission
-
Vector transmission
-
Respiratory droplet transmission
-
Ingestion of faeces and urine
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Bovine papillomaviruses [blank_start]1, 2 and 5[blank_end] cause cutaneous fibropaplillomas (warts) on udder, head and neck and genitalia
Bovine papillomaviruses [blank_start]3 and 6[blank_end] cause lesions with les fibrous tissue
Bovine papillomavirus [blank_start]1 and 2[blank_end] associated with enzootic haematuria. Cattle eat bracken fern which contains carcinogens, mutagens and immunosuppressive agents
Bovine papillomavirus [blank_start]4[blank_end] is associated with lesions in the alimentary tract, some of which progress to squamous cell carcinoma
Respuesta
-
1, 2 and 5
-
3 and 6
-
1 and 2
-
4
-
5
-
4 and 5
-
7
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Which of the below are features of equine papillomavirus?
Respuesta
-
Cause aural plaques and cutaneous papillomas
-
Regression occurs in 1‐9 months
-
Generally occur around the muzzle of young horses
-
Can lead to equine sarcoids
-
Associated with enzootic haematuria
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
What is the most common skin tumour of horses, mules and donkeys?
Respuesta
-
Sarcoid
-
Squamous cell carcinoma
-
Melanoma
-
Fibroma
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Which of the below are features of equine sarcoids?
Respuesta
-
Superficial ulceration and secondary trauma are common
-
Do not metastasize
-
Locally aggressive
-
Occur singly or in groups
-
Head, ventral abdomen and limbs affected most commonly
-
More common in animals <4 years of age
-
Metastatic
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
What is the basic structure of reoviridae?
Respuesta
-
Non-enveloped, Icosahedral, Linear segmented double stranded RNA genome
-
Non-enveloped, Icosahedral, Linear segmented single stranded RNA genome
-
Enveloped, Icosahedral, Linear segmented double stranded RNA genome
-
Enveloped, Icosahedral, Linear segmented single stranded RNA genome
-
Non-enveloped, Icosahedral, Linear segmented double stranded DNA genome
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Correctly match the genera of Reoviridae
Respuesta
-
Orthoreovirus
-
Orbivirus
-
Coltivirus
-
Rotavirus
-
Aquareovirus
-
Dolitivirus
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What species of animal can show diseases of Bluetongue?
Respuesta
-
Sheep, cattle and goats
-
Sheep, goats and pigs
-
Sheep, goats and rabbits
-
Dogs, cats and sheep
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Which of the below are symptoms/clinical signs of Bluetongue virus in sheep?
Respuesta
-
Hyperaemia of oral and buccal cavities (salivation / frothy mouth)
-
Oedema (head and neck)
-
Hyperaemia of the coronary bands
-
Cyanosis of the tongue
-
Nasal discharge (serous – mucopurulent – blood flecked)
-
Abortion of lambs or lambs born with congenital abnormalities (hydranencephaly)
-
Severe cases have a protracted recovery (may lose part of the fleece)
-
Death occurs in up to 30% of cases, but more commonly 2 – 8%
-
Sheep experience asymptomatic infection
-
Course of disease is variable from sub-clinical to death (eg. Mild cases recover rapidly)
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What form of disease do cattle and goats experience in comparison to sheep?
Respuesta
-
Cattle experience asymptomatic infection (except current BTV 8) Goats experience a milder form of disease than sheep
-
Cattle experience a milder form of disease than sheep Goats experience asymptomatic infection (except current BTV 8)
-
Both cattle and goats experience a more severe form than sheep
-
Cattle experience a more severe form of disease than sheep Goats experience asymptomatic infection
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
What is the pathogenesis of bluetongue virus?
Respuesta
-
Incubation period ~ 1 week (time between infection and clinical signs)
-
Incubation period ~ 1 day (time between infection and clinical signs)
-
Viraemia lasts 14-28 days (cows up to 10 weeks)
-
It is an arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides spp.
-
It is an arbovirus transmitted by Lucilia spp.
-
Associated with red blood cells and leukocytes
-
Viraemia lasts 7-10 days (cows up to 6 weeks)
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
What is the basic structure of the parvoviruses?
Respuesta
-
Small non‐enveloped single stranded DNA viruses
-
Small non‐enveloped single stranded RNA viruses
-
Small enveloped single stranded DNA viruses
-
Small non‐enveloped double stranded DNA viruses
-
Small enveloped double stranded DNA viruses
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
What are the main features of the parvoviruses?
Respuesta
-
Replicate in nucleus
-
Very resistant to detergents, drying, heat, solvents, pH changes, disinfectants
-
Very stable in the environment
-
Require rapidly dividing cells (S‐phase)-- eg. intestinal cells
-
Easily killed by detergents, drying, heat, solvents, pH changes, disinfectants
-
Labile in the environment
-
Replicate in the cytoplasm
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
What genus do all parvoviruses of veterinary significance belong? Which sub-family does this sit within?
Respuesta
-
Genus Parvovirus in the Sub‐Family Parvovirinae
-
Genus Protoparvovirus in the Sub‐Family Parvovirinae
-
Genus Parvovirus in the Sub‐Family Densovirinae
-
Genus Protoparvovirus in the Sub‐Family Densovirinae
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Describe the pathogenicity and clinical symptoms of feline panleukopaenia virus?
Respuesta
-
Highly contagious, systemic and enteric disease of cats
-
Causes bone marrow suppression, GIT signs, cerebellar hypoplasia (foetus)
-
Causes generalised disease of cats (domestic and wild cats)
-
Many infections are sub‐clinical
-
Onset of disease associated with profound panleukopaenia + fever
-
Incubation period ~5 days
-
Prefers mitotically active cells (S‐phase) (eg. Intestinal crypt cells, Lymphopoietic cells of bone marrow, Foetal cells (cerebellum, retina, death))
-
Acute cases progress to vomiting, (bloody) diarrhoea, dehydration while severe cases die in peracute stage
-
Distributed by free and cell associated viraemia
-
Virus enters via oropharynx, replicates in pharyngeal lymphoid tissue
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Which of the below explain the epidemiology of feline panleukopaenia virus?
Respuesta
-
One serotype with worldwide distribution
-
Endemic infection in vaccinated cat populations: unvaccinated cats at most risk
-
Endemic disease in unvaccinated cat populations: young cats affected
-
Two serotypes both with worldwide distribution
-
Seasonal disease pattern (kitten season)
-
Cats of all ages susceptible (Primarily see disease in kittens as maternal antibody wanes)
-
Incubation period ~5 days
-
Incubation period ~10 days
-
Causes generalised disease of cats (domestic and wild cats)
-
Causes generalised disease of cats and dogs (domestic and wild)
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
How can feline panleukopaenia be transmitted?
Respuesta
-
Trans‐placental infection in susceptible queens
-
Virus excretion in faeces (several weeks after clinical recovery), also in saliva, urine, vomit (acute stages)
-
Vector transmission
-
Direct contact required for transmission (eg. open wounds)
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
How might feline panleukopaenia be prevented and treated?
Respuesta
-
Supportive therapy (eg. Fluid therapy, blood / plasma transfusion, broad spectrum antibiotics)
-
Catteries: strict hygiene, quarantine and disinfection required
-
Vaccination (Inactivated and live‐virus vaccines available)
-
Antivirals are often used
-
Cleaning with bleach
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
What is the epidemiology of canine parvovirus 2?
Respuesta
-
Endemic worldwide
-
3 variants recognised (2a, 2b, 2c)
-
All members of Canidae family susceptible
-
High morbidity and mortality in initial outbreak situation (all ages affected)
-
High spread
-
Only endemic to Australia
-
Only domestic dogs are susceptible
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
What are the clinical signs that a dog has canine parvovirus 2?
Respuesta
-
Severe disease in pups between 6 weeks and 6 months of age (waning maternal immunity)
-
Myocarditis (but uncommon)
-
Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and vomiting
-
Disease may be mild or sub‐clinical if sufficient immunity
-
Severely affected animals die
-
Causes CNS symptoms
-
Severe disease in adult dogs most often
-
Myocarditis (very common)
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
What is the pathogenesis of canine parvovirus 2?
Respuesta
-
Myocarditis in pups infected late gestation or first 2 weeks of age due to rapid proliferation of myocytes in the perinatal period
-
Maldigestion and malabsorption and often severe haemorrhage (foetid smell, diarrhoea)
-
Mucosal collapse with contraction and fusion of villi of small intestine
-
Rapidly dividing cells in intestinal crypts are infected
-
Infection of the upper respiratory tract, mucosal cells (oronasal discharge)
-
Myocardial inflammation and necrosis
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
How can canine parvovirus 2 be diagnosed?
Respuesta
-
PCR assays
-
Haemagglutination
-
Presumptive diagnosis based on sudden onset of foul smelling haemorrhagic diarrhoea
-
Faecal immunoassays (virus shedding is transient: 3‐7 days after infection)
-
Bacterial culture
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
How can canine parvovirus be prevented and treated?
Respuesta
-
Supportive therapy (Fluid therapy, blood / plasma transfusion, broad spectrum antibiotics)
-
Kennels and shelters: strict hygiene, quarantine and disinfection\required
-
Vaccination (Inactivated and live‐virus vaccines available)
-
Antivirals are used often
-
Disinfection using sodium hypochlorite
-
Disinfection using Formalin, β‐propiolactone and oxidising agents
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
If there is an outbreak or a larger than normal number of puppies with parvovirus that are younger than 6 weeks, what should you do?
Respuesta
-
Vaccinate earlier, maternal antibodies may be waning earlier than the recommended 6 to 8 week vaccine start date
-
Vaccinate at the recommended 6 to 8 week vaccine start date as there is nothing you can do
-
Vaccinate adult animals more often than the 3 or more year recommended booster shot to increase immunity
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
What is the estimated relative efficacy of the below vaccines at 7 years post vaccination according to research conducted by Professor Ronald D. Schultz
Canine Distemper (ML)
Canine rDistemper (R)
Canine Parvovirus-2 (ML)
Canine Adenovirus-2 (ML)
Respuesta
-
99%
-
75%
-
21%
-
88%
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Why do we give multiple doses of infectious vaccines to puppies?
Respuesta
-
As we cannot predict duration of waning maternal immunity, maternal immunity may wane at different times for different puppies
-
As we hope to make more money
-
As we cannot give a huge dose of vaccine all at once to a puppy
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
What is correct for S.M.E.D.I.?
Respuesta
-
Stillbirth Mummification Embryonic Death Infertility
-
Swine Mummification Embryonic Death Infertility
-
Stillbirth Maternal death Embryonic Death Infertility
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Porcine parvovirus is an important cause of reproductive failure in swine worldwide?
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
What is the epidemiology of porcine parvovirus?
Respuesta
-
Most significant if virus is introduced into seronegative herd
-
Enzootic in many herds
-
Virus stable in environment for months
-
Morbidity reduced by vaccination
-
In endemic situation: disease seen in seronegative gilts infected in the sow herd when pregnant
-
Endemic only to the UK
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
What are the clinical signs of porcine parvovirus?
Respuesta
-
Clinical signs in foetus depend on stage of gestation – apparent at farrowing
-
First clinical sign is often increased number of young sows returning to oestrus 3‐8 weeks after breeding
-
Some sows remain “endocrinologically pregnant” and don’t come back into oestrus until expected farrowing date
-
Reproductive failure
-
Death of young sows/gilts
-
Lifelong infertility in sows
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
What is the pathogenesis of porcine parvovirus?
Respuesta
-
<30 days gestation: foetal death and resorption
-
Local replication in tonsillar lymphoid tissue precedes viraemia and trans‐placental
-
Takes ~ 15 days for virus to reach foetus after infection
-
Takes ~ 2 days for virus to reach foetus after infection
-
Takes ~ 24 days for virus to reach foetus after infection
-
>70 days gestation: stillbirth or normal piglet (depends on immune response)
-
30‐70 days gestation: foetus fail to develop (mummification/stillbirth
-
>70 days gestation: foetal death and resorption
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
How can porcine parvovirus be diagnosed?
Respuesta
-
Difficult to diagnose early infections as embryonic death and resorption not obvious and no specimens
-
Serology (but limited usefulness)
-
Haemagglutination assays
-
PCR assays
-
Infected foeti contain high levels of virus
-
Ultrasound
-
Odd behaviour of sows when virus is infecting the placenta
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
How can porcine parvovirus be prevented
Respuesta
-
Vaccination (inactivated vaccine) is available (however, limited opportunity to vaccinate gilts as they are bred at 7 months of age (waning maternal antibody)
-
Exposure of gilts prior to mating induces immunity (so that they do not become infected while pregnant)
-
Gilts should not be mated until they are 2yrs old
-
Abortion should be forced for the gilts first litter so she can become pregnant again quickly
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
What is the basic structure of the Circoviridae?
Respuesta
-
Non‐enveloped, single stranded DNA
-
Enveloped, single stranded DNA
-
Non‐enveloped, single stranded RNA
-
Non‐enveloped, double stranded DNA
-
Enveloped, double stranded DNA
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
What are the general features of the circoviridae?
Respuesta
-
Require actively dividing cells
-
Persistent infections
-
Stable at pH 3‐9
-
Resistant to disinfectants
-
Resistant to heating at 60oC, 30 minutes
-
Very stable in environment
-
Labile in the environment
-
Latent infections
-
Stable at pH 7-9
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
What are the veterinary important circoviridae of those listed below?
Respuesta
-
Psittacine beak and feather disease
-
Porcine circovirus
-
Chicken anaemia virus
-
Feline panleukopaenia
-
African horse sickness
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
What is the epidemiology of Psittacine beak and feather disease?
Respuesta
-
First identified in Australian parrots in captivity
-
Birds under 5 years at greater risk
-
Disease in cockatoos, parrots and budgerigars
-
Disease in pigeons
-
Endemic to Africa only
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
What clinical symptoms does Psittacine beak and feather disease cause?
Respuesta
-
Feather loss, feather deformities and Beak and claw deformities
-
Feather loss, feather deformities and pulmonary oedema
-
Liver necrosis and pulmonary oedema
-
Vomiting and diarrhoea
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
What is the pathogenesis of
Respuesta
-
In wild birds, malformed feathers and beak lead to difficulty feeding and death. In care, these birds can live for months/years if fed
-
Basophillic intracytoplasmic inclusions in follicular epithelium
-
Virus replicates in basal epithelial layer of feather follicles, beak and claws
-
Lymphoid depletion
-
Progressive disease
-
Virus replicates in the intestinal crypts
-
Virus causes death in less than 3 months due tp destruction of the intestinal crypts
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
How can Psittacine beak and feather disease be diagnosed?
Respuesta
-
Clinical signs and histology (basophillic inclusions in feather follicles), PCR assays
-
Clinical signs and histology (basophillic inclusions in feather follicles), PCR assays, cell culture
-
Clinical signs and histology (basophillic inclusions in feather follicles), bacterial culture
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
How can Psittacine beak and feather disease be controlled/prevented?
Respuesta
-
Strict hygiene and quarantine protocols needed to keep infection out of breeding aviaries
-
There is only an experimental vaccine
-
Vaccination
-
Hard to eradicate when in the environment
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
What are the general features of porcine circovirus?
Respuesta
-
Widespread in most pig populations
-
6 week old pigs present with weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes and dyspnoea
-
Progressive wasting disease
-
Causes a variety of clinical disease syndromes: Post‐weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome is most important
-
Causes infertility and abortions
-
Endemic only to Asia
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
What are the general features of Chicken Anaemia disease?
Respuesta
-
Horizontal transmission by direct contact and contaminated fomites
-
Vertical transmission (into eggs)
-
2‐3 weeks of age: anorectic, anaemic, bone marrow aplasia, atrophy of thymus, bursa and spleen
-
Virus shed in faeces and feather dander
-
Virus shed in oronasal discharge
-
Young birds develop aplastic anaemia and generalised lymphoid atrophy
-
Only affects chickens
-
Affects all species of poultry
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