Alcohols

Is this alcohol a Primary, Secondary or Tertiary Alcohol?

Is this a Primary, Secondary or Tertiary Alcohol?

Is this a Primary, Secondary or Tertiary Alcohol?

Elimination of water from an Alcohol is also known as [blank_start]a Dehydration[blank_end] Reaction. It allows the creation of [blank_start]Alkenes[blank_end] from a renewable source. Water is the other product. The industrial method heats [blank_start]Ethanol[blank_end] with concentrated [blank_start]Sulfuric[blank_end] Acid which acts as a catalyst. The resulting mixture contains the products, reactants and the acid. To separate the mixture, [blank_start]a Distillation[blank_end] Reaction is required which relies on the differences in boiling points. However, some impurities will still be present, so a separating funnel is required. Water is added to dissolve the water-soluble impurities and then the mixture is allowed to separate out into layers. The bottom layer is filtered out and purified using anhydrous [blank_start]Calcium Chloride[blank_end]. The resulting mixture is [blank_start]distilled[blank_end] again to get the required product.

Alcohols are produced by the [blank_start]Hydration[blank_end] of [blank_start]Alkenes[blank_end] using steam in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Select all the requirements for the production of Ethanol using Ethene and steam.

Select all the conditions required for the fermentation of Glucose to produce Ethanol.

Fermentation produces a mixture containing 15% Ethanol which needs to be distilled to concentrate it so that it can be of any use as a fuel. Water boils at 100C and Ethanol at 78.4C. So it all seems relatively easy. HOWEVER, Ethanol and Water form a mixture called an [blank_start]Azeotrope[blank_end] which boils at 78.1C and contains 95.6% Ethanol and 4.4% Water. Distillation alone can't make Ethanol any more concentrated. The [blank_start]Azeotrope[blank_end] must be [blank_start]dehydrated[blank_end] to remove the water content before it is mixed with petrol.

What are the benefits of Fermentation as a method of producing Ethanol?

What are the disadvantages of Fermentation as a method of producing Ethanol?

What are the benefits of Hydration of Ethene as a method of producing Ethanol?

What are the disadvantages of Hydration of Ethene as a method of producing Ethanol?

Name this Alcohol.

Aldehydes have [blank_start]one Hydrogen and one Alkyl group[blank_end] attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. The functional group is C=O and the suffix is [blank_start]-al[blank_end]. Ketones have [blank_start]two Alkyl groups[blank_end] attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. The functional group is C=O and the suffix is [blank_start]-one[blank_end]. Carboxylic Acids have [blank_start]a COOH group[blank_end] attached to the end of the carbon chain. The suffix is [blank_start]-oic[blank_end] acid.

[blank_start]Primary[blank_end] Alcohols are oxidised to [blank_start]Aldehydes[blank_end] and then to [blank_start]Carboxylic Acids[blank_end]. [blank_start]Secondary[blank_end] Alcohols are oxidised to [blank_start]Ketones[blank_end] only. [blank_start]Tertiary[blank_end] Alcohols cannot be oxidised at all except by combustion.

Fehling's Solution and Benedict's Solution are reduced to brick-red Copper Oxide when warmed with an Aldehyde but stay blue with a Ketone.

Tollens' Reagent is reduced to silver when warmed with a Ketone but not with an Aldehyde.