Modals in the past

They [blank_start]could have won[blank_end] (win) the race, but they didn't try hard enough.

Julie [blank_start]could have bought[blank_end] (buy) the book, but she borrowed it from the library instead.

He [blank_start]could have studied[blank_end] (study) harder, but he was too lazy and that's why he failed the exam.

I [blank_start]couldn't have arrived[blank_end] (arrive) any earlier. There was a terrible traffic jam (= it was impossible for me to have arrived any earlier).

He [blank_start]couldn't have passed[blank_end] (pass) the exam, even if he had studied harder. It's a really, really difficult exam.

I [blank_start]should have studied[blank_end] (study) harder! (= I didn't study very hard and so I failed the exam. I'm sorry about this now.)

I [blank_start]should have gone[blank_end] (go) to bed early (= I didn't go to bed early and now I'm tired).

I [blank_start]shouldn't have eaten[blank_end] (eat) so much cake! (= I did eat a lot of cake and now I don't feel good.)

You [blank_start]should have called[blank_end] (call) me when you arrived (= you didn't call me and I was worried. I wish that you had called me).

John [blank_start]should have left[blank_end] (leave) early, then he wouldn't have missed the plane (= but he didn't leave early and so he did miss the plane).

If I had had enough money, I [blank_start]would have bought[blank_end] (buy) a car (but I didn't have enough money, so I didn't buy a car).

I [blank_start]would have gone[blank_end] (go) to the party, but I was really busy.

I [blank_start]would have called[blank_end] (call) you, but I didn't know your number.

A: Nobody volunteered to help us with the fair B: I [blank_start]would have helped[blank_end] (help) you. I didn't know you needed help.

Lucy [blank_start]should have arrived[blank_end] (arrived) by now, but she hasn't.