Biology Chapter 7 Test Review

The two main divisions of the skeleton (in alphabetical order): [blank_start]appendicular[blank_end] skeleton [blank_start]axial[blank_end] skeleton

Name two types of bones in the head (alphabetical order): [blank_start]craium[blank_end] [blank_start]facial[blank_end] bones

What are the bones in the spine called? [blank_start]vertebrae[blank_end]

Put the bones in the right categories. (alphabetical order) HEAD (CRANIUM): [blank_start]frontal[blank_end] bones, [blank_start]occipital[blank_end] bones, [blank_start]parietal[blank_end] bones, [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] bones HEAD (FACIAL BONES): [blank_start]mandible[blank_end], [blank_start]maxillary[blank_end] bones, [blank_start]palatine[blank_end] bones SPINE: [blank_start]coccyx[blank_end], [blank_start]sacrum[blank_end], [blank_start]vertebrae[blank_end]

What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column (in order from top to bottom): [blank_start]cervical[blank_end], [blank_start]thoracic[blank_end], [blank_start]lumbar[blank_end], [blank_start]pelvic (sacral)[blank_end], and [blank_start]caudal (coccygeal)[blank_end]

Which vertebrae are in your neck?

Which vertebrae are in your lower back?

Match the bones with the location in the body. [blank_start]Scapulae[blank_end] and [blank_start]clavicles[blank_end] are in your shoulders (pectoral girdle). [blank_start]Pelvic[blank_end] bones (connected at the rear by the sacrum) are in you hips (pelvic girdle). The [blank_start]humerus[blank_end], [blank_start]ulna[blank_end], and [blank_start]radius[blank_end] are in your arms. The [blank_start]carpals[blank_end], [blank_start]metacarpals[blank_end], and [blank_start]phalanges[blank_end] are in your hands and wrists.

Match the bones with the location in the body. [blank_start]Scapulae[blank_end] and clavicles are in your shoulders (pectoral girdle). [blank_start]Pelvic[blank_end] bones (connected at the rear by the sacrum) are in you hips (pelvic girdle). The [blank_start]humerus[blank_end], [blank_start]ulna[blank_end], and [blank_start]radius[blank_end] are in your arms. The [blank_start]carpals[blank_end], [blank_start]metacarpals[blank_end], and [blank_start]phalanges[blank_end] are in your hands and wrists The [blank_start]femur[blank_end], [blank_start]patella[blank_end], [blank_start]fibula[blank_end] and [blank_start]tibia[blank_end] are in your legs.

Name the four categories of bones based on their shape (in alphabetical order): [blank_start]flat[blank_end] bones [blank_start]irregular[blank_end] bones [blank_start]long[blank_end] bones [blank_start]short[blank_end] bones

Name the parts of a long bone: [blank_start]epiphysis[blank_end] (bulged ends), [blank_start]diaphysis[blank_end] (shaft), [blank_start]periosteum[blank_end] (protective sheath), [blank_start]articular[blank_end] cartilage, and internal parts such as compact bone, [blank_start]spongy[blank_end] bone medullary cavity and [blank_start]marrow[blank_end].

Six types of freely moveable (synovial) joints are: (alphabetical) [blank_start]ball[blank_end]-and-socket, ellipsoid (condyloid), [blank_start]gliding[blank_end], [blank_start]hinge[blank_end], [blank_start]pivot[blank_end], and saddle.

Correctly label the type of joints.

Name two types of arthritis: o.... = [blank_start]osteoarthritis[blank_end] rh.... = [blank_start]rheumatoid[blank_end] arthritis

Name 3 major types of muscle tissue: c... = [blank_start]cardiac[blank_end] sk.... = [blank_start]skeletal[blank_end] sm.... = [blank_start]smooth[blank_end]

Correctly label the muscles in the arm and chest. 1. on the shoulder area 2. back of the upper arm 3. top/front of the upper arm 4. chest area

Correctly label the muscles in the head and neck.

Correctly label muscles in the legs and buttocks.

Correctly label the muscles in the legs

Correctly label the muscles in your abdomen

Correctly label muscles in the back.

What do you call the muscles in between your ribs?

Why is the thoracic cage important? It [blank_start]protects[blank_end] the vital organs of the thoracic cavity, such as the [blank_start]heart[blank_end] and [blank_start]lungs[blank_end]. Also, the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cage aids in [blank_start]breathing[blank_end].

Explain how the design of the ulna and radius allows you to rotate your hand. The ulna is attached firmly to the [blank_start]humerus[blank_end] by a strong, hinge-like joint. The radius is attached to the [blank_start]humerus[blank_end] and ulna by a weaker but more [blank_start]moveable[blank_end] joint that allows it to [blank_start]rotate[blank_end] around the ulna. When you rotate your hand, the ulna does not [blank_start]rotate[blank_end] but remains fixed relative to the humerus; the radius and the hand [blank_start]rotate[blank_end] around pivots on the ulna.

How do the structures of compact bone and spongy bone differ? [blank_start]Compact[blank_end] bone is strong and dense and give a bone great [blank_start]strength[blank_end] and rigidity. [blank_start]Spongy[blank_end] bone is lightweight and [blank_start]porous[blank_end] and consists of an intricate network of tiny struts and girders.

List the functions of bone marrow. [blank_start]Red[blank_end] marrow manufactures [blank_start]blood[blank_end] cells. [blank_start]Yellow[blank_end] marrow stores [blank_start]fats[blank_end].

How does physical exercise affect bones? Physical exercise causes bones to become bigger, denser and [blank_start]stronger[blank_end].

Describe how bone cells repair a fracture. Bleeding from broken [blank_start]blood[blank_end] vessels is stopped by blood [blank_start]clots[blank_end]. New blood [blank_start]vessels[blank_end] form. Special cells form a mass of [blank_start]cartilage[blank_end] that eventually spans the break. Osteoclasts absorb remaining [blank_start]bone[blank_end] fragments. Osteoblasts replace the cartilage with [blank_start]spongy[blank_end] bone, connecting the broken ends more firmly. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts replace the spongy bone with [blank_start]compact[blank_end] bone and restore the bone to its original shape.

Explain how a muscle fiber contracts. A muscle fiber contains millions of overlapping [blank_start]protein[blank_end] fibers (thick filaments of myosin and thin filaments of actin) arranged in repeating units called sarcomeres. Muscle contractions are triggered by the [blank_start]nervous[blank_end] system. When the muscle is stimulated to contract, the myosin and actin filaments work together like winches and [blank_start]cables[blank_end] to shorten the cell.

What is meant by the all-or-none principle of muscle fiber contraction? When a muscle cell is stimulated to contract, it does so [blank_start]completely[blank_end] and then relaxes [blank_start]completely[blank_end] until another nerve impulse reaches it.

How does physical exercise affect muscles? Proper exercise helps prevent muscle [blank_start]atrophy[blank_end] and keeps muscles [blank_start]strong[blank_end] and healthy. Exercise stimulates the growth of muscles cells, the development of more blood [blank_start]vessels[blank_end], and a greater blood [blank_start]supply[blank_end] within muscle tissue. It also develops good muscle [blank_start]tone[blank_end].

Why does the spine of an adult have seven fewer bones than the spine of an infant? An infant's [blank_start]sacrum[blank_end] consists of five separate vertebrae, and an infant's [blank_start]coccyx[blank_end] consists of four separate vertebrae. In adults, these [blank_start]nine[blank_end] bones are fused into two large bones, the sacrum and the coccyx.

How do the two primary substances that compose bone tissue provide the ability to resist both crushing and pulling forces? [blank_start]Hydroxyapatite[blank_end] is very [blank_start]rigid[blank_end] and allows bone tissue to withstand great [blank_start]crushing[blank_end] forces. [blank_start]Collagen[blank_end] fibers are tough and [blank_start]resilient[blank_end] and help prevent the mineral crystals from being pulled away from each other, allowing the bone to resist great [blank_start]pulling[blank_end] forces.

How is the process by which fractures are repaired similar to the process by which bones are constructed in the first place? When a child is developing in his mother's womb, special cells construct the forms of the bones out of [blank_start]cartilage[blank_end] or membrane material. When these cartilage [blank_start]forms[blank_end] are complete, [blank_start]osteoblasts[blank_end] begin to move through them, [blank_start]replacing[blank_end] the cartilage with [blank_start]bone[blank_end]. When a broken bone is being [blank_start]healed[blank_end], special cells form a mass of cartilage that [blank_start]spans[blank_end] the break. Osteoblasts then move [blank_start]through[blank_end] the cartilage, replacing it with bone.

Why do muscles in the eye and larynx have a higher ratio of nerve fibers to muscle cells than do muscles of the limbs and back? Movements of the eyes and [blank_start]larynx[blank_end] require relatively little [blank_start]strength[blank_end] but great [blank_start]precision[blank_end]. As a result, the muscles of the eyes and larynx contain only a few [blank_start]muscle cells[blank_end] per motor unit, resulting in a [blank_start]high[blank_end] ratio of [blank_start]nerve[blank_end] fibers to muscle fibers. Movements of the limbs and [blank_start]back[blank_end] require [blank_start]more[blank_end] strength but less precision than eye and larynx movements. Therefore, the muscles of the limbs and back have many more muscle cells per motor unit, resulting in a [blank_start]lower[blank_end] ratio of nerve fibers to [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] fibers.

How can the arrangement of motor units in a muscle provide the muscle with both dexterity and strength? Most large muscles contain motor units with [blank_start]varying[blank_end] numbers of muscle fibers. When fine dexterity is needed, the brain activates the motor units with the [blank_start]fewest[blank_end] muscle fibers, allowing [blank_start]more control[blank_end]. When strength is needed, the brain activates the motor units with [blank_start]more muscle fibers[blank_end], providing [blank_start]more strength[blank_end] but less [blank_start]dexterity[blank_end].

Why is physical exercise vital for healthy muscles? The size and efficiency of a muscle will not remain [blank_start]stable[blank_end] without physical [blank_start]activity[blank_end]. Muscles are designed to be [blank_start]used[blank_end] and will [blank_start]atrophy[blank_end] without proper exercise. [blank_start]Proper exercise[blank_end] can keep your muscles [blank_start]strong[blank_end] and healthy for many years. Exercise is also necessary for good [blank_start]muscle tone[blank_end].