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ZOOL 461 Midterm Review

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2 Biological Sciences Test sobre ZOOL 461 Midterm Review, creado por Grace Georgopoulos el 15/10/2016.
Grace Georgopoulos
Test por Grace Georgopoulos, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Grace Georgopoulos
Creado por Grace Georgopoulos hace casi 8 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Glia cells have to categories: Microglia and Macroglia One type pf microglia are [blank_start]Macrophages[blank_end] that are responsible for cleaning up dead tisse The three types of [blank_start]Macroglia[blank_end] are Asctocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Schwann Cells
Respuesta
  • Macrophages
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann Cells
  • Macroglia
  • Macrophages
  • Microglia
  • Masterglia

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
What type of Glial cell provides physical support, chemical support, and creates the blood brain barrier?
Respuesta
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann Cells

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
What type of glial cell creates a myelin sheath, assists in conduction, and is confined to the CNS?
Respuesta
  • Astrocytes
  • Schwann Cells
  • Oligodendrocytes

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
What type of glial cell are single cells that wrap around axons, create the myelin sheath, assist in conduction, and are confined to the PNS?
Respuesta
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Schwann Cells

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Typically there is more...
Respuesta
  • Na+ inside the cell than outside
  • Na+ outside the cell than inside
  • More K+ outside the cell

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
What equation describes the relation between concentration differences of a permeating ion (free flow) across a membrane and the membrane potential at equilibrium?
Respuesta
  • The Goldman Equation
  • V=IR
  • The Nernst Equation
  • v=m/s

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
In the Nernst equation the shortcut numbers from valence 1 (Na+, K+) and 18 degrees to 37 degrees and from valence 2 (Ca2+) and 18 to 37 degrees are...
Respuesta
  • 58,29,30.5,61
  • 58,61,29,30.5
  • 57,61,28,30.5
  • 29,30.5,58,61

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
When using the Nernst equation for ions with a negative valence (Cl-) you must switch the concentration protion of the equation to Cin/Cout rather than Cout/Cin
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
With ion free flow.. K+ should produce a [blank_start]-[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell Na+ should produce a [blank_start]+[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell Cl- should produce a [blank_start]-[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell
Respuesta
  • -
  • +
  • -

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
What equation takes into account permeability and assumes infinite permeability with regard to ion movement?
Respuesta
  • The Nernst Equation
  • The Goldman Equation
  • The Ion Equation
  • None of the above

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
The resting voltage potential of... K+ is [blank_start]-75[blank_end]mV Na+ is [blank_start]+54[blank_end]mV Cl- is [blank_start]-56[blank_end]mV
Respuesta
  • -75
  • +54
  • -56

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
When a membrane moved from -65mV -> a more negative value it is known as
Respuesta
  • Depolarization
  • Hyperpolarization
  • Neutral polarization
  • Additive polarization

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
The time constant (t) represents how quickly membrane potential changes with charge and...
Respuesta
  • Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 53% of its max V
  • Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 67% of its max V
  • Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 63% of its max V

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
The statement below correstond to: - anything physical preventing movement of charge down an axon - the ability of charge to leak from the axon
Respuesta
  • Ri and Rm
  • Rm and Ri
  • Rf and Ri
  • Rt and Rm

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
The length constant lambda measures how far along an axon you have to travel before there is a significant change in membrane potential (27% of initial V)
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
What are the passive electrical properties?
Respuesta
  • time delayed change in membrane potential
  • temporal summation and subtraction
  • distance degradation

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
An excitatory response usually refers to the movement of [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] ions, and an inhibitory response is often refering to the movement of [blank_start]Cl-[blank_end] ions.
Respuesta
  • Na+
  • Cl-

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
What are the characteristics of an Axon Hillock?
Respuesta
  • Its the origin of the action potential
  • It is known as the integration center
  • It is dense in voltage gates Na+ Channels
  • It is dense in GAP Junctions
  • It is the origin of the axon form the cell body

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
Ion Channels have...
Respuesta
  • 4 domains
  • 6 domains
  • 4 membrane spanning segments
  • 6 membrane spanning segments
  • an "l-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through
  • a "p-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
[blank_start]A Ligand Gated Channel[blank_end]: depends on ligand presence [blank_start]Phosphorylation Gated Channel[blank_end]: if an intracellular component is phosphorylated the channel will open [blank_start]Stretch or Pressure Gated Channel[blank_end]: Cytoskeletal proteins adhere channel to membrane, any disruption of membrane causes cytoskeleton proteins to tighten-> channel opens
Respuesta
  • A Ligand Gated Channel
  • Phosphorylation Gated Channel
  • Stretch or Pressure Gated Channel

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
K+ Voltage gated channels...
Respuesta
  • Have 4 repeats of a smaller protein subunit
  • 4 individual subunits
  • Have 3 repeats of a smaller protein subunit
  • 3 individual subunits

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
What is the most important mode of ion channel selectivity?
Respuesta
  • Chemoreception
  • Hydration Shells
  • Physical size
  • Shape

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
What are the characteristics of an Action Potential?
Respuesta
  • All or none response
  • The signal degrades
  • The signal does not degrade
  • Moves unidirectionally
  • Moves multidirectionally
  • Depends on membrane potential change
  • Depends on ligands

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
The action potential: [blank_start]Resting Phase[blank_end]: key components of AP are K+ channels and voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels [blank_start]Depolarization[blank_end]: Charge already in axon moves from a different site, build up of positive charge [blank_start]Rising phase[blank_end]: activation threshold passed, Na+ channels open, rapid depolarization [blank_start]Overshoot[blank_end]: AP approaches Nernst potential for Na+ [blank_start]Falling Phase[blank_end]: Na+ channels become inactive, some K+ channels open [blank_start]Undershoot[blank_end]: occurs because K+ channels cant close quickly, permeability to K+ greater than at rest [blank_start]Repolarization[blank_end]: more K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump returns the membrane to resting potential
Respuesta
  • Resting Phase
  • Depolarization
  • Rising phase
  • Overshoot
  • Falling Phase
  • Undershoot
  • Repolarization

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
The unidirectionality of the Action Potential is due to the fact that Na+ channels inactivate
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
What are the periods of time after an AP where it is impossible and difficult to generate another AP?
Respuesta
  • Relative and Absolute Refractory Period
  • Negative and Positive Refractory Period
  • Up and Down Refractory Period
  • Absolute and Relative Refractory Period

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
What makes it hard to trigger a second AP in close proximity to an initial AP?
Respuesta
  • Increased K+ permeability
  • The temperature of the membrane
  • The inactivation of Na+ channels
  • The unidirectionality
  • The decreased membrane resistance

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
What factors influence the conduction velocity of an axon?
Respuesta
  • Length
  • Diameter
  • Temperature
  • Shape
  • Myelination
  • None of the above

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
Increased diameter increases internal resistance
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
Decreased Ri leads to an increased lamda (length constant)
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
Myelination effects Ri
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
A 2 degree temperature change increases conduction my 2x
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
increased diameter= decreased Ri= increased S.A= increased Rm
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
What characterizes Gap Junctions?
Respuesta
  • Chemical synapses
  • Electrical synapses
  • Non-chemical communication
  • Slow response
  • Two hemi channels
  • Blocking connection between two cells
  • Ions and proteins can pass through
  • Rapid communication
  • Synchrony between cells
  • Bidirectional movement

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
You usually find Gap Junctions in cardiomycetes, in the retina, various aquatic animals (escape response, electrical), in glial cells, and in neurons
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
What is the entire purpose of an Action Potential?
Respuesta
  • To activate Cl- channels
  • To maintain homeostasis
  • To activate Ca2+ channels
  • To maintain the CNS

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?
Respuesta
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Glucose
  • Dopamine

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Respuesta
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Inhibin
  • Serotonin

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
An Axon Collateral is when an axon splits into a bunch of different arms (with the same AP) and activates a larger area of muscle tissue
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
The Nicotinic ACh Receptor has
Respuesta
  • 4 domains
  • 5 domains
  • 4 membrane spanning segments
  • 5 membrane spanning segments
  • Needs 1 site bound with ACh for activation
  • Once open allows Na+ and K+ to pass through
  • Once open has a net hyper-polarizing effect

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
[blank_start]7[blank_end]. Degradation of the neurotransmitter by acetylcholinesterase [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels activate [blank_start]4[blank_end]. ACh binding to ACh receptors [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Exocytosis [blank_start]8[blank_end]. Reuptake of broken down neurotransmitter [blank_start]6[blank_end]. Na+ channel activation [blank_start]5[blank_end]. Depolarization of the post synaptic cell [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Depolarization, charge arrives at the terminal
Respuesta
  • 7
  • 2
  • 4
  • 3
  • 8
  • 6
  • 5
  • 1

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
What are the correct steps within neurotransmitter release? [blank_start]4[blank_end]. Priming [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Reserve Pool [blank_start]6[blank_end]. Endocytosis [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Targeting [blank_start]5[blank_end]. Exocytosis [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Docking
Respuesta
  • 4
  • 1
  • 6
  • 2
  • 5
  • 3

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
What are two types of v-snares?
Respuesta
  • Synaptolagmin
  • Snap25
  • Syntaxin
  • Synaptobrevin

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
What are two t-snares with regard to vesicle binding?
Respuesta
  • Synaptolagmin
  • Syntaxin
  • Snap25
  • Syntaptobrevin

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
In vesicle binding... [blank_start]Targeting[blank_end]= vesicle moves close to membrane [blank_start]Docking[blank_end]= snare complex [blank_start]Priming[blank_end]= Ca2+ interacts with synaptolagmin [blank_start]Fusion[blank_end]= opens up vesicle
Respuesta
  • Targeting
  • Docking
  • Priming
  • Fusion

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
[blank_start]Neuroendocrine[blank_end]= released by nerve cells into circulation-> target cell [blank_start]Paracrine[blank_end]= released and diffuses to the target tissue through the extracellular fluid [blank_start]Autocrine[blank_end]= target cell is the same cell releasing the hormone (must bind a receptor on membrane to activate pathway) [blank_start]Neurocrine[blank_end]= neuron secretes in the immediate vicinity of target cell [blank_start]Pheromone[blank_end]= released into the environment-> biological response
Respuesta
  • Neuroendocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Autocrine
  • Neurocrine
  • Pheromone

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
What type of hormone is the most common in the body, and has an a.a backbone?
Respuesta
  • Steroids
  • Peptides&Proteins
  • Amino Acids and amino acid derivatives
  • Eicosanoids

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
What hormone has a cholesterol backbone and includes androgens, estrogen, progesterone, and corticosteroids?
Respuesta
  • Steroids
  • Peptides&Proteins
  • Amino acids and amino acid derivatives
  • Eicosanoids

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
What hormone is produced by membranes?
Respuesta
  • Steroids
  • Peptides and Proteins
  • Amino acids and amino acid derivatives
  • Eicosanoids

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
With signal transduction from receptors what is the term for a hormone stimulating biological activity, blocking biological activity and for binding without stimulating biological activity?
Respuesta
  • Competitive antagonists, antagonists and agonists
  • Antagonists, agonists, and competitive antagonists
  • agonists, antagonists, and competitive antagonists
  • agonists, competitive antagonists, and antagonists

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
K+1/K-1= Ka This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?
Respuesta
  • Affinity- how tightly the hormone was bound
  • Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
  • Equilibrium Association Constant
  • How such hormone is required for high affinity
  • units= M-1sec-1
  • units= sec-1

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
1/Ka=Kd This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?
Respuesta
  • Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
  • Equilibrium Association Constant
  • Affinity- how tightly a hormone will bind
  • How much of a hormone is required for high affinity
  • units= sec-1
  • units= M-1sec-1

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
A hormone that is more specific to the receptor requires a [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] concentration to reach Kd
Respuesta
  • smaller
  • larger
  • specific

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
ED50 is....?
Respuesta
  • effective dose of a hormone giving half of the maximal response
  • a measure of potency
  • is a function of receptor affinity
  • is a set value for all receptors
  • a measure for receptor saturation

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
upregulation refers to the increased production of receptors and downregulation refers to the decreased production of receptors
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
Receptor capacity change effects [blank_start]max response[blank_end] Receptor affinity effects [blank_start]ED50[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • max response
  • ED50

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
What characteristics relate to intracellular receptors?
Respuesta
  • They are in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  • They are in the membrane
  • Steroids and iodothyronines
  • receptor transitions into a transcription factor after its bound
  • Ultimately leads to the synthesis of new proteins
  • Ultimately leads to the synthesis of lipids
  • Associated with accesory proteins

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
What are the two types of membrane receptors?
Respuesta
  • receptor=effector
  • receptor=intracellular
  • receptor and effector decoupled
  • Tyrosine Kinase
  • G- coupled proteins
  • transition to be transcription factors

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
Which statement about Receptor Tyrosine Kinases is TRUE?
Respuesta
  • The alpha subunit is the extracellular and transmembrane segment
  • The beta subunit contains hormone binding side
  • Dimerization occurs after hormone binding
  • Leads to the dephosphorylation of proteins

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ion channel receptors?
Respuesta
  • The channel is a receptor but not an effector
  • The channel doesn't require hormone binding for activation
  • A conformational change occurs once the ligand binds
  • The channel is known as an intracellular receptor

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
Which of the following are types of G-proteins?
Respuesta
  • Gi
  • Gp
  • Ga
  • Gs
  • Gq/11

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
Within a G-protein coupled receptor and the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, the subunit [blank_start]alpha[blank_end] acts as the effector enzyme
Respuesta
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
G-protein receptors Gs an Gi function to stimulate and inhibit...
Respuesta
  • Protein Lipase C
  • Tyrosine Kinases
  • Adenylate Cyclase
  • Estrogen and progesterone

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
Within the G-protein coupling pathway regarding adenylyl cyclase, what are the steps to biological response? [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of Adenylyl Cyclase [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Substrate binds receptor [blank_start]4[blank_end]. Activation of cAMP [blank_start]6[blank_end]. Biological response [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Dissociation of G-protein subunits [blank_start]5[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues on target proteins
Respuesta
  • 3
  • 1
  • 4
  • 6
  • 2
  • 5

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
What enzyme reverses the action of cAMP?
Respuesta
  • Glucanase
  • Cholesterase
  • Phosphodiesterase
  • Lipase

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
What characterizes Phosphodiesterase?
Respuesta
  • inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 3' AMP
  • inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 5' AMP
  • inhibited by a family of methylxanthines (ex. caffeine)
  • inhibited by neurotransmitters
  • Has only 2 different forms

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
What characterizes Gq/11 G-proteins?
Respuesta
  • Most known as Cl- mobilizing hormones
  • Most known as Ca2+ mobilizing hormones
  • Activates Phospholipase-C (PLC)
  • Activates Phosphodiesterases
  • Activates phosphatidyl inositol turnover
  • PLC converts phosphatidyl inositol to IP3 and DAG (inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol)

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
The pathway sequence with regard to Gq G-proteins goes... [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Binding of ligand to receptor [blank_start]6[blank_end]. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Dissociation of Galphaq subunit [blank_start]7[blank_end]. Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) [blank_start]4[blank_end]. Activation of phosphatidyl inositol and phospholipase C [blank_start]9[blank_end]. Biological response [blank_start]5[blank_end]. PLC converts PI into two messangers (IP3 and DAG) [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of Galphaq subunit [blank_start]8[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of a.a residues on target proteins
Respuesta
  • 1
  • 6
  • 3
  • 7
  • 4
  • 9
  • 5
  • 2
  • 8

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
The anterior pituitary is derived from dorsal outgrowth of [blank_start]buccal cavity[blank_end] ([blank_start]roof of mouth[blank_end]) The posterior pituitary [blank_start]embryologically[blank_end] derived from the [blank_start]brain[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • buccal cavity
  • the brain
  • roof of mouth
  • the hypothalamus
  • embryologically
  • zygotically
  • physiologically
  • brain
  • roof of the mouth

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
Pituitary function is regulated by the production of neurohormones in the hypothalamus
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
The entire pituitary gland is also known as the....
Respuesta
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Adenohypophysis
  • Hypophysis
  • Nuclei cluster

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
What characterizes Neurohypophysis?
Respuesta
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Pars Distalis
  • Pars Intermedia
  • Oxytocin
  • Vasopressin (ADH)
  • Synthesis of hormones in the Pituitary
  • Synthesis of hormones in the Hypothalamus
  • Release into the blood stream

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
What characterizes Adenohypophysis?
Respuesta
  • Pars Distalis
  • Pars Intermedia
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Hormones released from hypothalamus to act on pituitary
  • Hormones released from pituitary to act on hypothalamus
  • Releasing hormones

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
The sections of the pituitary... Anterior lobe= Pars [blank_start]Distalis[blank_end] Intermediate lobe= [blank_start]Pars Intermedia[blank_end] [blank_start]Neural[blank_end] lobe/Posterior lobe= [blank_start]Pars Nervosa[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Distalis
  • Pars Intermedia
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Neural

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
Antidiuretic hormone (also known as AVP) acts through two types of receptors... V1= mediate vascular [blank_start]smooth muscle contraction[blank_end] (ex. [blank_start]vasoconstriction[blank_end] leads to increase blood pressure) V2= produces [blank_start]renal action[blank_end] of AVP (ex. [blank_start]conserves water[blank_end] to increase blood pressure)
Respuesta
  • smooth muscle contraction
  • renal conservation
  • pumping
  • reabsorption
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodilation
  • spreading
  • renal action
  • vesicular aciton
  • pulmonary action
  • muscular action
  • conserves water
  • adds salts
  • makes blood
  • gets rid of water

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
AVP secretion effect on blood pressure: [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] BP->[blank_start]activation[blank_end] of baroreceptors->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] AVP secretion->increased [blank_start]H2O[blank_end] uptake (V2 receptor) and [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] of arterioles (V1 receptor)->increase BP
Respuesta
  • Increased
  • Decreased
  • High
  • Low
  • activation
  • inhibition
  • lipid binding
  • increased
  • decreased
  • moderate
  • unnecessary
  • H2O
  • Salt
  • Sugar
  • Nutrient
  • Constriction
  • Dilation
  • Looping

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
AVP effect on plasma osmolality: Increased blood osmolality->[blank_start]activate[blank_end] osmoreceptors in CNS->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] AVP secretion->increased H2O [blank_start]retention[blank_end] (V2) and increased Na+ secretion (V2)->increased urine [blank_start]concentration[blank_end] and decreased urine [blank_start]volume[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • activate
  • deactivate
  • inactivate
  • increased
  • decreased
  • maintained
  • retention
  • secretion
  • mediation
  • storage
  • concentration
  • fluidity
  • temperature
  • dilution
  • volume
  • flow
  • production rate

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
Oxytocin effects...
Respuesta
  • Milk release after parturition
  • Blocks milk release
  • Stimulates uterine contraction
  • Inhibits uterine contraction
  • Stimulates contraction of myometrium
  • Inhibits contraction of myometrium
  • undergoes positive feedback
  • undergoes negative feedback
  • Secretion induced from stretching of birth canal in birth

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
[blank_start]Negative[blank_end] feedback loops are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Respuesta
  • Negative
  • Positive

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
What is Family 1 of peptide hormones involved in adenohypophysis?
Respuesta
  • Glycoprotein hormones
  • Growth Hormones and Prolactin
  • Hormones derived from Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
What s Family 2 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?
Respuesta
  • Growth Hormones and Prolactin
  • Hormones derived from pro-opiomelanocortin
  • Glycoprotein Hormones

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
What belongs to Family 3 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?
Respuesta
  • Growth Hormones and Prolactin
  • Glycoprotein Hormones
  • Hormones derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
What is an example(s) of glycoprotein hormone(s)?
Respuesta
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Chorionic Gonadotroph

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
What are examples of Gonadotropin hormones?
Respuesta
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
  • Chorionic Gonadotropin

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
Family II of Peptide Hormones have two separate units, the alpha units which are the [blank_start]same[blank_end] for all peptide hormones and beta subunits which are [blank_start]different[blank_end] and confer the [blank_start]special function[blank_end] of the hormone
Respuesta
  • same
  • regulated
  • variable
  • replacible
  • different
  • uniform
  • gelatenous
  • rare
  • special function
  • size
  • potency
  • necessity

Pregunta 86

Pregunta
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) has one gene that produces one protein that is cleaved in the ER in order to produce many biologically active fragments. They are cleaved by a family of prohormone convertases
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 87

Pregunta
What factors effect the release of Prolactin (PRL)?
Respuesta
  • Opioids
  • PRL-inhibiting factors (such as Dopamine (DA))
  • Steroids
  • Cholecytokinin (CCK)
  • Glycogenesis
  • Catharsis

Pregunta 88

Pregunta
Prolactin is important in Reproduction and Growth and Development, but not Osmoregulation
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 89

Pregunta
What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in males?
Respuesta
  • Increase and maintain LH receptors in testes
  • Increase sperm motility
  • Increase sperm size
  • Too much=hypogonadism
  • Too much=hypergonadism

Pregunta 90

Pregunta
What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in females?
Respuesta
  • Increase progesterone synthesis
  • Increase oxytocin synthesis
  • Synthesis of casein (milk protein) and fatty acids
  • Formation of uterine wall
  • Osmoregulatory in uterus
  • Hyperprolactinemia= reduced GnRH release and LH production
  • Hyperprolactinemia= increased GnRH release and LH production

Pregunta 91

Pregunta
What characterizes Growth Hormones?
Respuesta
  • somatic growth
  • Only height
  • direct action
  • indirect action
  • reduction in glucose regulation in the body

Pregunta 92

Pregunta
Hormones and factors that have an effect on Growth Hormone... GHRH has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect Somatostatin has a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect IGF-1 has a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect Hypoglycemia has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect High protein meal has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect Fatty acids have a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect
Respuesta
  • +
  • -
  • -
  • +
  • -
  • +
  • +
  • -
  • +
  • -
  • -
  • +

Pregunta 93

Pregunta
GH deficiency early in life, and late in life causes respectively...
Respuesta
  • weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy ---- Dwarfism
  • Dwarfism ---- weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy

Pregunta 94

Pregunta
Excess GH early in life and later in life cause respectively....
Respuesta
  • Giganticism and Acromegaly
  • Acromegaly and Giganticism

Pregunta 95

Pregunta
What factors effect TSH release?
Respuesta
  • Temperature
  • TRH
  • T5
  • T4
  • T3
  • Osmoregulation

Pregunta 96

Pregunta
A goiter is a result of iodine deficiency leading to...
Respuesta
  • High T3, and T4 and high TSH
  • Low T3 and T4 and low TSH
  • High T3 and T4 and high TSH
  • Low T3 and T4 and High TSH

Pregunta 97

Pregunta
Steps in the synthesis of Thyroid Hormones [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Iodination of tyrosyl residues of thyroglobin molecules to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Iodide trapping by active transport (symport with Na+) [blank_start]4[blank_end]. Oxidative coupling of iodinated tyrosines-> form mainly T4 and less T3 (stored in colloid space) [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Oxidation of iodide (I-) to iodine (I2) by iodide peroxidase
Respuesta
  • 3
  • 1
  • 4
  • 2

Pregunta 98

Pregunta
T3 is produced in tissues outside the thyroid gland from [blank_start]deiodination[blank_end] of T4 in liver kidneys, anterior pituitary, cerebral cortex, and brown fat.
Respuesta
  • deiodination
  • iodination
  • hydrolyzation
  • lysis

Pregunta 99

Pregunta
Thyroid hormones are lipophobic and thus use intracellular receptors
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 100

Pregunta
What are the effects of TH on various target tissues?
Respuesta
  • Metamorphosis
  • Osmoregulation
  • Growth Effects
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Glycogenesis
  • Nervous system development

Pregunta 101

Pregunta
Basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy to keep the body working properly, what specific hormone has a positive effect on BMR?
Respuesta
  • FSH
  • GnRH
  • TH
  • Estrogen

Pregunta 102

Pregunta
Thermogenesis with relation to TH: Cold->neuroendocrine reflex->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] hypothalamic TRH->increased [blank_start]TSH[blank_end]->increased [blank_start]T4[blank_end] and [blank_start]T3[blank_end] production->thermogenesis
Respuesta
  • increased
  • decreased
  • TSH
  • TRH
  • TH
  • T4
  • T5
  • T3
  • T2

Pregunta 103

Pregunta
What hormone is the key regulator of reproduction in vertebrates
Respuesta
  • LH
  • FSH
  • T4
  • GnRH

Pregunta 104

Pregunta
What characterizes the hormone GnRH?
Respuesta
  • Synthesis in neurosecratory neurons
  • Free floating in the extracellular fluid
  • Secreted in a pulsatile manner
  • Peptide hormone
  • Amino Acid hormone

Pregunta 105

Pregunta
GnRH acts to stimulate or suppress the reproductive process and cell division
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 106

Pregunta
________ stimulates _______ peptin and that stimulates __________.
Respuesta
  • GnRH, Kiss, Estrogen
  • Kiss, Estrogen, GnRH
  • Estrogen, Kiss, GnRH
  • Kiss, GnRH, Estrogen

Pregunta 107

Pregunta
Birth control pills are made up of only estrogen
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 108

Pregunta
Binding proteins are critical in maintaining...
Respuesta
  • Body temperature
  • Osmosis
  • Circulating hormone levels
  • Lipogenesis

Pregunta 109

Pregunta
Effects of gonadal steroids in women...
Respuesta
  • Estrogen can increase LH secretion
  • Estrogen effects mediated my Kiss Peptins
  • Inhibit the ovulatory surge of gonadotropins (mainly LH)
  • Combination of estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH production

Pregunta 110

Pregunta
What two gonadal peptides shut off and activate GnRH production from pituitary?
Respuesta
  • Stopin and Startin
  • Inhibin and Activin
  • Guard peptide and generation peptide

Pregunta 111

Pregunta
Activin and inhibin are produced in the ovary and testis and are involved in the specific regulation of FSH where they stimulate of inhibit the secretion of FSH without effecting LH.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 112

Pregunta
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
Respuesta
  • Luteal
  • Shedding
  • Stimulating
  • Follicular

Pregunta 113

Pregunta
Match
Image:
7bb6bf81-c1d3-4f10-a76e-a4590a68a641 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Maturation of oocyte and ovulation
  • Result of stimulaiton from GnRH
  • Surge result in maturation/ovulation
  • Produce estrogen and progesterone

Pregunta 114

Pregunta
Match
Image:
bf9c4e02-fc0b-427d-8896-fff3376e913b (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Estrogen->Kiss peptins->GnRH->LH&FSH
  • Produced by corpus luteum
  • Build up caused by progesterone
  • Regression of corpus luteum

Pregunta 115

Pregunta
If pregnancy occurs chorionic gonadotroph (sectreted from [blank_start]placenta[blank_end]) secretions prolong the [blank_start]progesterone[blank_end] secretion and maintains pregnancy
Respuesta
  • Placenta
  • Corpus Luteum
  • Hyothalamus
  • progesterone
  • estrogen
  • LH
  • GnRH

Pregunta 116

Pregunta
All steroid hormones are derived from [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] and are lipid soluble therefore must utilize [blank_start]binding[blank_end] proteins
Respuesta
  • cholesterol
  • amino acids
  • glucose
  • fatty acids
  • binding
  • pairing
  • matching
  • protecting

Pregunta 117

Pregunta
In the steroid hormone synthesis pathway: -The Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ([blank_start]StAR[blank_end]) moves [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] into the inner membrane of the [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] (shuttling protein) -The [blank_start]cytrochrome[blank_end] P450 side chain cleavage is the rate limiting enzyme -[blank_start]Aromatase[blank_end] is used in the conversion from androstenedione and testosterone to estrogen and Estradiol -The only determination of product=[blank_start]specific[blank_end] enzymes along the pathway
Respuesta
  • StAR
  • cholesterol
  • amino acids
  • glucose
  • mitochondria
  • golgi body
  • ER
  • Cell
  • cytrochrome
  • Aromatase
  • Aromylase
  • Convertase
  • specific
  • major
  • selective

Pregunta 118

Pregunta
Androgens experience only [blank_start]-[blank_end] feedback Estrogen experiences only [blank_start]+[blank_end] feedback
Respuesta
  • -
  • +

Pregunta 119

Pregunta
Which of these options correctly pairs pancreatic hormones with the type of cell that produces them?
Respuesta
  • Insulin- beta cells
  • Insulin- alpha cells
  • Glucagon- alpha cells
  • Glucagon- beta cells

Pregunta 120

Pregunta
Which of these hormones are produced in the adrenal glands?
Respuesta
  • Insulin
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Glucagon
  • Adrenalin

Pregunta 121

Pregunta
[blank_start]Glycogenolysis[blank_end]= the conversion of glycogen to glucose [blank_start]Gluconeogenesis[blank_end]= the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates (a.as or glycerol)
Respuesta
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Glycogen Synthesis
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Glycolysis

Pregunta 122

Pregunta
Insulin...
Respuesta
  • Increases blood glucose
  • Is a hypoglycemic hormone
  • Enhanced cellular storage of glucose
  • Opposes fat synthesis
  • Acts on RTK receptors
  • Decreases solute transport
  • Increase oxidation of glucose in adipose tissues to produce ATP
  • Increase gycogenesis in mainly muscle
  • Decrease protein synthesis as a result of increased a.a transport

Pregunta 123

Pregunta
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that is...
Respuesta
  • Insulin independent
  • Insulin dependent
  • Insulin acting
  • Insulin overloading

Pregunta 124

Pregunta
What hormones oppose insulin action?
Respuesta
  • Estrogen
  • Glucagon
  • Testosterone
  • Cortisol
  • Adrenaline
  • Progesterone

Pregunta 125

Pregunta
Glucagon is a....
Respuesta
  • Hyperglycemic hormone
  • Enhances the actions of insulin
  • Acts on liver cells to increase glucose production
  • Decrease glucose levels in circulation

Pregunta 126

Pregunta
What actions are characteristic of Glucagon?
Respuesta
  • Increased glycogenolysis
  • Decreased glyconeogenesis
  • Increased lipolysis

Pregunta 127

Pregunta
What type of hormones are associated with the Adrenal Medulla?
Respuesta
  • Corticosteroids
  • Catecholamines
  • Growth Hormones
  • Steroid hormones

Pregunta 128

Pregunta
Within the Catecholamine synthesis pathway: [blank_start]Phenylalanine[blank_end] is broken down by phenylalanine hydroxylase to make [blank_start]Tyrosine[blank_end] (the backbone for all amine hormones) is then broken down by Tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting enzyme) to produce [blank_start]dihydroxyphenylalanine[blank_end] (DOPA) which in turn in broken down to form Dopamine, then [blank_start]Norepinepherine[blank_end] which is lastly broken down by [blank_start]Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase[blank_end] (PNMT) to form [blank_start]Epinepherine[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tyrosine
  • dihydroxyphenylalanine
  • Norepinepherine
  • Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
  • Epinepherine

Pregunta 129

Pregunta
Andregenic receptors are sensitive to both E and NE although which one is more responsive to alpha and which to beta receptors?
Respuesta
  • alpha- E, beta- NE
  • alpha-NE, beta- E

Pregunta 130

Pregunta
Epinephrine has a more generalized bodily response when it comes to an emergency response than Norepinepherine.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 131

Pregunta
Adrenalin is a hyperglycemic hormone because it...
Respuesta
  • Stimulates ACTH release
  • Stimulates insulin release
  • Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • Inhibits glucagon release

Pregunta 132

Pregunta
The Adrenal cortes produces: [blank_start]Mineralocorticoids[blank_end] such as aldosterone in the zona [blank_start]glomerulosa[blank_end] [blank_start]Glucocorticoids[blank_end] such as cortisol in the zona [blank_start]fasciculata[blank_end] [blank_start]Gondaocorticoids[blank_end] such as androgens in the zona [blank_start]reticularis[blank_end] The only thing that differentiates what is produced at each layer are the [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] that occur in the different areas
Respuesta
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • glomerulosa
  • Glucocorticoids
  • fasciculata
  • Gondaocorticoids
  • reticularis
  • enzymes
  • lipids
  • components

Pregunta 133

Pregunta
Chromaffin is the tissue in the medulla that secretes Catecholamine hormones
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 134

Pregunta
The release and action of corticosteroids (steroid hormones) takes longer because...
Respuesta
  • They act over a larger distance
  • They move more slowly
  • They result in new protein synthesis
  • They are larger

Pregunta 135

Pregunta
In the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal-Adrenal axis: The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] produces [blank_start]corticotropin releasing hormone[blank_end] (CRH) that acts on the [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] which releases [blank_start]ACTH[blank_end] which binds to the [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end] through the melanocortin 2 receptor ([blank_start]MC2R[blank_end]) which finally produces [blank_start]corticosteroids[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • hypothalamus
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • pituitary
  • ACTH
  • adrenal cortex
  • MC2R
  • corticosteroids

Pregunta 136

Pregunta
Glucocorticoids....
Respuesta
  • increase the avalability of glucose
  • inhibit the breakdown of proteins and fats for their conversion to carbohydrates for gluconeogenesis
  • inhibits the uptake of glucose from certain cells
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