Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is the best description of an infectious agent?
Respuesta
-
An organism that can replicate inside the host and cause a host reaction to its products
-
An organism which lives in co-existence with the host
-
An organism which is immunogenic
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Advantages of infecting a host to a pathogen are:
P[blank_start]rotection[blank_end]
[blank_start]Nutrient[blank_end] provision
Travel
Disadvantages are:
Host driven [blank_start]choices[blank_end]
[blank_start]Defence[blank_end] mechanisms encountered
Respuesta
-
Nutrient
-
rotection
-
choices
-
Defence
Pregunta 3
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The response of the innate immune system is the same every time
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The first encounter of the adaptive immune system is very rapid.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
The innate immune system has a memory property.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
What are some physical barriers of the innate immune system?
Respuesta
-
Lysozyme
-
Hydrochloric acid
-
Ciliated epithelia
-
Epidermis
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which of these options summarises lysozymes action?
Respuesta
-
Cleaves the NAG-NAM carbohydrates in Gram positive bacterial cell walls
-
Generates hypothiocyanite anion which inhibits glucose transport by oxidation
-
Chelates iron, preventing growth and oxidation
-
Chelates Ca2+ and Zn2+
-
Induce pore formation
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Which of these options summarises lactoperoxidase's action?
Respuesta
-
Cleaves the NAG-NAM carbohydrates in Gram positive bacterial cell walls
-
Generates hypothiocyanite anion which inhibits glucose transport by oxidation
-
Chelates iron, preventing growth and oxidation
-
Chelates Ca2+ and Zn2+
-
Induce pore formation
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Which of these options summarises lactoferrin's action?
Respuesta
-
Cleaves the NAG-NAM carbohydrates in Gram positive bacterial cell walls
-
Generates hypothiocyanite anion which inhibits glucose transport by oxidation
-
Chelates iron, preventing growth and oxidation
-
Chelates Ca2+ and Zn2+
-
Induce pore formation
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Which of these options summarises calprotectin's action?
Respuesta
-
Cleaves the NAG-NAM carbohydrates in Gram positive bacterial cell walls
-
Generates hypothiocyanite anion which inhibits glucose transport by oxidation
-
Chelates iron, preventing growth and oxidation
-
Chelates Ca2+ and Zn2+
-
Induce pore formation
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Which of these options summarises defensin action?
Respuesta
-
Cleaves the NAG-NAM carbohydrates in Gram positive bacterial cell walls
-
Generates hypothiocyanite anion which inhibits glucose transport by oxidation
-
Chelates iron, preventing growth and oxidation
-
Chelates Ca2+ and Zn2+
-
Induce pore formation
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of these options summarises histatin action?
Respuesta
-
Cleaves the NAG-NAM carbohydrates in Gram positive bacterial cell walls
-
Generates hypothiocyanite anion which inhibits glucose transport by oxidation
-
Chelates iron, preventing growth and oxidation
-
Chelates Ca2+ and Zn2+
-
Induce pore formation
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Which is a function of mucins?
Respuesta
-
Glycoproteins which lubricate and hydrate the mucosal surfaces. This traps and prevents admission of bacteria to the mucosa.
-
Bind to bacterial adhesins causing bacterial clumping for removal
-
Chelates Ca2+ and Zn2+
-
Generates hypothiocyanite anion which inhibits glucose transport by oxidation
-
Cleaves the NAG-NAM carbohydrates in Gram positive bacterial cell walls
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Which is a function of salivary agglutinin?
Respuesta
-
Glycoproteins which lubricate and hydrate the mucosal surfaces. This traps and prevents admission of bacteria to the mucosa.
-
Bind to bacterial adhesins causing bacterial clumping for removal
-
Chelates Ca2+ and Zn2+
-
Generates hypothiocyanite anion which inhibits glucose transport by oxidation
-
Cleaves the NAG-NAM carbohydrates in Gram positive bacterial cell walls
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Defensins are...
Respuesta
-
Serine proteases
-
Cationic peptides
-
Cysteine deaminases
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
What feature of defensins allows them to become inserted in the lipid bilayer?
Respuesta
-
They are amphipathic
-
They are cationic peptides
-
They have cysteine rich regions in their amino acid sequence
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Defensins, cathelicidins and histatins are antimicrobial peptides all secreted by...
Respuesta
-
Epithelial cells
-
Phagocytes
-
Epithelial cells and Phagocytes
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What does NAG mean in the context of lysozyme?
Respuesta
-
N-acetylglucosamine
-
N-acetylmuramic acid
-
Non agglutinating glycoprotein
-
N-acetylcysteine
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
What does NAM mean in the context of lysozyme?
Respuesta
-
N-acetylglucosamine
-
N-acetylmuramic acid
-
Non agglutinating glycoprotein
-
N-acetylcysteine
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
What linkage is cleaved between NAG-NAM carbohydrates by Lysozyme?
Respuesta
-
B-1,4
-
A-1,6
-
B-1,2
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Lysozyme is more effective against gram negative bacteria since they do not have a layer of LPS covering the peptidoglycan NAG-NAM carbohydrates in their cell wall structure
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Histatins are produced by
Respuesta
-
Epithelial cells and Phagocytes
-
The major salivary glands
-
Dendritic and Natural killer cells
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Histatins are predominantly active against
Respuesta
-
Fungi
-
Viruses
-
Bacteria
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Histatins are particularly rich in...
Respuesta
-
Histadine
-
Cysteine
-
Serine
-
Defensins
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Calprotectin depletes iron availability.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Lactoferrin produces hypothiocyanite which oxidises glucose transport carriers therefore reducing bacterial glucose uptake
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Chromogranin A and Thrombospondin 1 give rise to cationic peptides. They interact better with plant/animal cells than bacterial surfaces.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Cystatins are
Respuesta
-
Cysteine protease inhibitors
-
Cysteine protease
-
Serine protease inhibitor
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
What is gingipains?
Respuesta
-
Cysteine protease
-
Cysteine protease inhibitor
-
Serine protease
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
SLP1 is a
Respuesta
-
Serine protease inhibitor (inhibit neutrophil elastase)
-
Serine protease (cleave neutrophil elastase)
-
Cysteine protease (cleave neutrophil granules)
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Cystatins and Von Ebner's protein are both cysteine protease inhibitors
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Cystatins, Von Ebners protein and SLP1 are all cysteine protease inhibitors
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Which scavenges peroxidation products?
Respuesta
-
Von Ebners protein
-
SLP1
-
Cystatins
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Toll like receptors react to...
Respuesta
-
PAMPs
-
DAMPs
-
Antigens
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
NOD-like receptors detect intracellular virus RNA
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
NOD-like receptors detect intracellular pathogen peptidoglycan
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
NOD-like receptors detect intracellular pathogen p[blank_start]eptidoglycan[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
eptidoglycan
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
RIG-1 like helicase detect intracellular [blank_start]virus[blank_end] R[blank_start]NA[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
virus
-
NA
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
NLRP family of proteins are nod like receptors with pyrin associated with them
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The inflammasome is important in cleaving cytokines and contributes to their short half life
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
NLRP3 is the only NLRP protein to form inflammasomes
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
What are the components of the typical inflammasome?
Respuesta
-
Caspase 1
-
NLRP3
-
Adaptor protein
-
TLR
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Activation of toll like or nod like receptors results in what?
Respuesta
-
Transcription factor activation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production
-
Inflammasome cleavage of pro-cytokines
-
Exocytosis of active pro-inflammatory cytokines
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Which of these are serum proteins?
Respuesta
-
Acute phase proteins
-
Complement
-
Interferons
-
Cytokines
-
Chemokines
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Which of these are tissue factors?
Respuesta
-
Cytokines
-
Chemokines
-
Interferons
-
Complement
-
Acute phase proteins
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Acute phase proteins are produced by the
Respuesta
-
Liver
-
Spleen
-
MALT
-
Peyer's patches
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
C reactive protein is a [blank_start]pentameric[blank_end] protein made by h[blank_start]epatocytes[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
pentameric
-
epatocytes
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
C reactive protein activates...
Respuesta
-
Complement cascade
-
Promotes phagocytosis
-
IL-10 to suppress inflammation
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
CRP is said to act like a primitive antibody since it activates complement and induces more phagocytosis
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Interferons are proteins
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Type 1 interferons are...
Respuesta
-
Alpha
-
Beta
-
Gamma
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Type 2 interferons are...
Respuesta
-
Gamma
-
Alpha
-
Beta
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
How do interferons function?
Respuesta
-
Prevent viral replication
-
Increase display of viral particles to the immune system
-
Promoting phagocytosis
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