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Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st

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Zoology Test sobre Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st, creado por Manisha BHARADIA el 30/11/2016.
Manisha BHARADIA
Test por Manisha BHARADIA, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Manisha BHARADIA
Creado por Manisha BHARADIA hace alrededor de 8 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Match the developmental stages of the eye to their functionality: Rudimentary: small patch of photosensitive cells; [blank_start]only for presence of light[blank_end] [blank_start]Invagination of patch[blank_end]: limited directional sensitivity Pinhole Eye: forces light to fall on a very small area; [blank_start]direction and imaging[blank_end] Fluid-Filled: introduced [blank_start]diffraction and lens to refine travel[blank_end] Modern Eye: another fluid filled chamber, [blank_start]separate cornea and iris[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • only for presence of light
  • Invagination of patch
  • direction and imaging
  • diffraction and lens to refine travel
  • separate cornea and iris

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
Which gene, related to the eyes, seems to be conserved amongst species?
Respuesta
  • SIXP
  • PAX6
  • HEG7
  • EYE1

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
Label the Compound Eye.
Image:
03df936b-7c96-4001-8b10-d06fd943c584 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Cornea
  • The Ommatidium
  • Psuedocone
  • Support Cells
  • Retinular Cells
  • Rhabdomeres

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
Match the components of the compound eye with its purpose: Cornea: [blank_start]focuses light into central aspect[blank_end] [blank_start]Ommatidium[blank_end]: the single visual transduction unit that makes up the compound eye [blank_start]Support Cells[blank_end]: continue to focus light into the central portion of the cell Retinular Cells: [blank_start]transfer information to the rhabdomeres[blank_end] [blank_start]Rhabdomeres[blank_end]: inside of the retinular cells, send signals down to axon Rhabdomeres: [blank_start]made of microvilli, full of action[blank_end] [blank_start]Membrane of the Rhabdomeres[blank_end]: contain lots of photopigments (Rhodopsin)
Respuesta
  • focuses light into central aspect
  • Ommatidium
  • Support Cells
  • transfer information to the rhabdomeres
  • Rhabdomeres
  • made of microvilli, full of action
  • Membrane of the Rhabdomeres

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Why do Rhabdomeres have so many microvilli?
Respuesta
  • To help it move around for better signal transduction
  • To help it contact the Retinular cells
  • To increase SA and the amount of Rhodopsin that can be contained on the membrane

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
What is the 2nd messenger cascade for Rhodopsin receptors?
Respuesta
  • G protein --> IP3/PKC --> activate TRP cation channel
  • G protein --> Rab 2 --> activate TRP cation channel
  • G protein --> IP3/PKC --> Ca2+ release from SER

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
The vertebrate eye differs from the compound eye in that the vertebrate eye has the ability to focus light, giving it more acuity.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
What does the fluid filled portion of the eye introduce?
Respuesta
  • Diffraction
  • Reflection
  • Refraction
  • Squishy Stuff

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
[blank_start]Convex[blank_end] lenses cause light to converge while [blank_start]concave[blank_end] lenses cause light to diverge. This is caused by [blank_start]refraction[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • Convex
  • Concave
  • concave
  • convex
  • refraction
  • diffraction
  • reflection

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
Striated Muscle is:
Respuesta
  • Found in the heart
  • Found in Skeletal Muscle
  • Voluntary
  • Involuntary
  • Have well defined sarcomeres
  • Single Unit
  • Multi-Unit

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
The smallest unit of skeletal muscle is called a myoblast
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
Identify the correct order for the creation of a multinucleated muscle cell
Respuesta
  • Myoblast, myotubule, myocyte
  • Myocyte, myotubule, myoblast
  • Myotubule, myocyte, myoblast
  • myotubule, myoblast, myocyte

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
What makes a muscle striated?
Respuesta
  • Myotubules
  • Myofibrils
  • Sarcomeres, contained in myofibrils
  • myocytes

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
Thick filaments are made of [blank_start]myosin[blank_end] and thin filaments are made of [blank_start]actin[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • myosin
  • actin

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
Label the lines and bands on the sarcomere below:
Image:
3396875c-a0b9-4e39-a75c-bbf0b38ba2e4 (image/jpeg)
Respuesta
  • Z-Disk
  • H-Zone
  • M-Line (Myosin)
  • Actin
  • I-Band
  • A-Band

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
In the sarcomere, [blank_start]titin[blank_end] asociates with myosin and [blank_start]nebulin[blank_end] associates with actin.
Respuesta
  • titin
  • nebulin

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
Label the electromicrograph with the location of: 1) The A band 2) The I band 3) The H Band 4) How these components interact with light (put this on top of the location) --> only for A and I
Image:
3a19344d-087c-4ed7-946b-5b0862fee542 (image/jpeg)
Respuesta
  • H-Zone
  • A-band
  • I-Band
  • ISOTROPIC (does not polarize light)
  • ANISTROPIC (polarizes light)

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
What is the thin:thick ratio of filaments in mammal skeltal muscle?
Respuesta
  • 1:2
  • 2:1
  • 1:3
  • 3:1

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
Myosin is made up of:
Respuesta
  • 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains
  • 4 heavy chains and 2 light chains
  • 1 heavy chain and 3 light chain
  • 3 heavy chains and 1 light chain

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
The myosin heavy chain is made up of ______________ and the myosin light chains are made up of ________________.
Respuesta
  • tail, head, neck AND essential and regulatory units
  • head AND tail
  • neck AND head and tail
  • essential and regulatory units AND tail, head, neck

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
What two binding sites does the myosin head contain?
Respuesta
  • Actin and ATP
  • Calcium and ATP
  • Actin and Calcium

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
What happens if trypsin is added to myosin?
Respuesta
  • Myosin is split into a tail and a neck/head region
  • Head and neck are broken apart

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
What happens when Papain is applied to myosin?
Respuesta
  • Split into a tail and head+neck region
  • broken apart into a head and a neck

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
There are 2 myosin light chain components per head. For a total of 4 MLC components.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
What are the two forms of actin?
Respuesta
  • Globular & Filamentous
  • Aggregated & Spiraled

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
What are the two main regulatory proteins that associate with actin?
Respuesta
  • Troponin
  • Tropomyosin
  • Malbulim
  • Triulin

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
What was proposed in the Sliding Filament Theory?
Respuesta
  • The width of the A-band remains constant, the I-band and H band gets shorter
  • The width of the I-band remains constant, the A-band gets shorter
  • The width of the H-band and I-band remains constant, the I-band gets shorter

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
A. Huxley and H. Huxley both confirmed the Sliding Filament Theory through different methods.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
Describe what is happening at each of the points identified in the graph
Image:
3e5412a9-b543-47fa-8988-86565c4b6d7f (image/jpeg)
Respuesta
  • Myosin is being crushed by the Z-disks
  • Polarity Interference; reduces Ca releas
  • Maximal cross bridge overlap
  • A little overlap
  • No more cross-bridges being formed
  • Ascending Limb
  • Plateau
  • Descending Limb

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
Pure actin contains [blank_start]no binding proteins[blank_end]. Native actin contains [blank_start]tropomyosin and troponin[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • no binding proteins
  • tropomyosin and troponin

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
What characterizes rigormortis?
Respuesta
  • Calcium is present, ATP is absent
  • Calcium is absent, ATP is present
  • Troponin is present, tropomyosin is absent
  • Tropomyosin is absent, troponin is present

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
What is the phyisiological calcium concentration?
Respuesta
  • 10^-9 M
  • 10^-5 M
  • 10^-2 M
  • 10^-3 M

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
What is the highest number of calcium ions that troponin C can bind to?
Respuesta
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
Do invertebrates have Na+ channels in T tubules?
Respuesta
  • Yes
  • No

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
How is an action potential propogated in invertebrate T Tubules?
Respuesta
  • Via passive diffusion
  • Via voltage gated sodium channels
  • They don't propogate action potentials

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
What type of ACh receptors do skeltal muscles have?
Respuesta
  • Muscharinic
  • Nicotinic

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
What stores calcium in a cell?
Respuesta
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosome
  • Smooth ER
  • Rough ER

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
What does it mean to be an "L-type" voltage gated channel?
Respuesta
  • Long-lasting activation
  • Short-activation

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
What type of receptor is dihydrophyridine?
Respuesta
  • L-type voltage gated calcium channel
  • tetrameric receptor with a central pore

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
What type of receptor is ryanodine?
Respuesta
  • L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel
  • tetrameric protein with a central pore

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
The dihydropyridine receptor is localized on the T-tubules while the ryanodine receptor is localized on the SER membrane.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
The huge difference in concentration between the SER and the cytoplasm helps with [blank_start]diffusion[blank_end] but, not with [blank_start]reuptake[blank_end]. Therefore, [blank_start]calsequesterin[blank_end] helps to sequester calcium in the SER and help the SERCa pumps wor.
Respuesta
  • diffusion
  • reuptake
  • calsequesterin
  • calmodulin

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
Which elements in muscle contribute to the resting tension (if a muscle were to be pulled without cross-bridges forming)?
Respuesta
  • Parallel Elements
  • Series Elements
  • Perpendicular Elements

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
What type of elements do tendons serve as in muscle mechanics?
Respuesta
  • External parallel component
  • External series component

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
What is the difference between a concentric and an eccentric contraction? (concentric, eccentric)
Respuesta
  • Muscle shortens, Muscle lengthens
  • Muscle lengthens, Muscle shortens

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
Why is the muscle force generated from a single depolarization relatively small?
Respuesta
  • It takes time for the series elastic components to stretch and generate force
  • It takes time for the parallel elastic components to stretch and generate force
  • It takes time for the contractile elements to stretch and generate force

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
Incomplete tetanus occurs when there is a [blank_start]small refractory period[blank_end] between action potentials. Fused or complete tetanus occurs when there is [blank_start]no refractory period[blank_end] between action potentials.
Respuesta
  • small refractory period
  • no refractory period

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
As tetanus occurs, the overall force that the muscle can generate increases but, the force reaches a plateau after fused tetanus occurs.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
What is contained in a motor unit?
Respuesta
  • Motor neuron
  • axons contacting muscle cells
  • grey matter
  • interneuron

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
The motor neuron extends out of the [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] horn of the spinal cord
Respuesta
  • ventral

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
Spatial Summation controls:
Respuesta
  • The number of muscle cells recruited
  • The distribution of muscle cells in the body
  • The areas of the body that respond to external stimuli

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
What happens in a skeletal muscle cell as the velocity of shortening increases
Respuesta
  • fewer cross-bridges form
  • more cross-bridges form
  • reduced average force/cross-bridge
  • increased average force/cross-bridge

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
Power reaches a max at 20-40% of Vmax.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
The muscle uses ATP in the following ways: 25%: [blank_start]Pumping calcium via SERCa pumps[blank_end] [blank_start]50%[blank_end]: Heat [blank_start]25%[blank_end]: Useful work in the cross-bridge cycle
Respuesta
  • Pumping calcium via SERCa pumps
  • 50%
  • 25%

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
What is muscle efficiency?
Respuesta
  • Useful work/Total E Used
  • How fast a muscle can shorten
  • How strong a muscle is

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
Is there work generated from an isometric contraction?
Respuesta
  • Yes
  • No

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
What are the three sources of ATP for muscle?
Respuesta
  • Glycolysis
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Creatine Phosphate
  • Steroids

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
Which two (helper) proteins are involved in the smooth muscle thick and thin filament network?
Respuesta
  • Caldesmon
  • Xinculin
  • Alpha-actin
  • Shelanin

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
STRESS RELAXATION ALLOWS ORGANS THAT ARE LINED BY SMOOTH MUSCLE (E.G. THE GUT) TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE CHANGES IN DIAMETER AND STILL PRODUCE ABOUT THE SAME AMOUNT OF FORCE
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
Match the type of smooth muscle with its mechanism of action: 1. Single Unit Smooth Muscle (Visceral): [blank_start]gap junctions, myogenic[blank_end] 2. Multi-unit Smooth Muscle: [blank_start]independent, neurogenic, fine control[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • gap junctions, myogenic
  • independent, neurogenic, fine control

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
How does visceral smooth muscle depolarize without neural input?
Respuesta
  • It doesn't, it requires neural input
  • Pacemaker potentials
  • Slow wave potentials

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
Where are neurotransmitters released from in neural activation of smooth muscle?
Respuesta
  • Varsities
  • Varicosities
  • Synapses
  • No neurotransmitters are released

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
What is the neurotransmitter and receptor type involved in parasympathetic smooth muscle activation?
Respuesta
  • Ach, nicotinic
  • Ach, muscarinic
  • Epi, alpha
  • Epi, beta

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
What is the neurotransmitter(s) and receptor type(s) involved in sympathetic smooth muscle activation?
Respuesta
  • Alpha (Norepi & Epi) - contraction; Beta (Epi)- relaxation
  • Beta (Norepi & Epi) - contraction; Alpha (Epi)-relaxation
  • Beta (Epi) - contraction; Alpha (Norepi & Epi) - relaxation

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
What is it about smooth muscles that allow for Calcium diffusion WITHOUT the presence of T-Tubules?
Respuesta
  • small cell diameter
  • decreased diffusion distance
  • larger cell diameter

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
The SER is the primary source of Calcium for smooth muscles.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
What does MLCK do?
Respuesta
  • Phosphorylate MLC
  • Dephosphorylate MLC
  • Hydroxylate MLC
  • Dehydroxylate MLC

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
What is an antagonist of MLCK?
Respuesta
  • MLC phosphotase
  • MLC hydrotase
  • MLC dehydrogenase
  • MLC transferase

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
What are the effects of serotonin and protein kinase C on smooth muscle?
Respuesta
  • They promote muscle activity by inhibiting MLC phosphatase
  • They promote muscle relaxation by inhibiting MLC phosphatase

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
How is protein kinase activated in smooth muscle and how does it affect MLCK?
Respuesta
  • Activated by Beta2 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; inactivates it
  • Activated by Beta2 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; activates it
  • Activated by Alpha1 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; inactivates it
  • Activated by Alpha1 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; activates it

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
Is Protein Kinase C an inhibitory or excitatory protein in smooth muscle contraction?
Respuesta
  • Excitatory
  • Inhibitory

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
What is reciprocal innervation and when does it occur?
Respuesta
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; withdrawl reflex
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; cross-extensor reflex
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; stretch reflex

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
What is the muscle involved in a myotatic/stretch reflex and what are some of its basic characteristics?
Respuesta
  • Intrafusal muscle
  • Tonic; doesn't fire APs
  • Fires APs
  • Responds to stretch/shortening

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
What are the receptors contained within the intrafusal muscle?
Respuesta
  • Annulospiral Receptor
  • Flower Spray Receptor
  • Dihydropuridine Receptor
  • Ryanodine Receptor

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
What type of neuron is used by Annulospiral Receptors
Respuesta
  • IA - afferent
  • IIA- afferent
  • IIIA - afferent

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
What type of neuron is used by Flower Spray Receptors in a myotatic reflex?
Respuesta
  • IA - afferent
  • IIA - afferent
  • IIIA- afferent

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
Label the layers of the skin and the 4 mammalian mechanoreceptors
Image:
76dfe843-c47c-4190-8630-67772caa58c0 (image/jpeg)
Respuesta
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Pacinan Corpuscle
  • Ruffini Ending
  • Messiner's Corpuscle
  • Merkel Discs
  • Free Nerve Ending
  • Hair Cell

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
What type of cell is this?
Image:
3b619400-fa66-4617-9f46-79a593a71622 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Hair Cell

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
Label the Ear
Image:
425a315b-0734-4fa9-bdbd-c7869ebc5688 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Pinna
  • External Auditory Meatus
  • Tympanic Membrane
  • Ossicles
  • Semi-circular canals
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Cochlea
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window
  • Outer Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Inner Ear

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
Label the diagram
Image:
e93e7770-15e7-4df4-9f63-d2518f674a7d (image/jpeg)
Respuesta
  • External auditory meatus
  • Tympanic Membrane
  • Malleus (Hammer)
  • Incus (Anvil)
  • Stapes (Stirup)
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
The two muscles involved in dampening noise to the inner ear are the tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle. The tensor tempani is active when we are [blank_start]chewing[blank_end] whereas the stapedius muscle contracts when we are [blank_start]talking[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • chewing
  • talking

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
Label the inner ear
Image:
d172e459-4ece-46e9-af16-1fcafda58914 (image/jpeg)
Respuesta
  • Oval Window
  • Scala Vestibuli
  • Helicotrema
  • Scala tympani
  • Stapes
  • Vestibular Membrane
  • Basilar Membrane
  • Scala Media
  • Organ of Corti
  • Round Window

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
The scala vestibuli and the scala tempani are continuous, there is no membrane separating them from eachother.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
The organ of Corti sits on top of the Basilar Membrane.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
Label pathway 1 and 2 with their purpose.
Image:
4cdffd6f-0057-406a-8274-840892c6f345 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • No auditory transduction
  • Transverse movement across scala media

Pregunta 86

Pregunta
The perilymph has a [blank_start]similar make up to the ECF[blank_end]. The Endolymph has a [blank_start]high K+ concentration[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • similar make up to the ECF
  • high K+ concentration

Pregunta 87

Pregunta
Humans can hear between what frequency?
Respuesta
  • 20 Hz-2000 Hz
  • 200-2000 Hz
  • 1000-2000 Hz

Pregunta 88

Pregunta
Label the image. Which organ is this?
Image:
7c8719bb-cd62-454f-b294-59fce965f81d (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Organ of Corti
  • Tectorial Membrane
  • Scala Media
  • Support Cells
  • Inner Hair Cells
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Stereocillia
  • Outer Hair Cells

Pregunta 89

Pregunta
Outer hair cells [blank_start]control auditory transduction[blank_end] by lengthening and shortening the hair cells, while inner hair cells [blank_start]lead to auditory transduction[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • control auditory transduction
  • lead to auditory transduction

Pregunta 90

Pregunta
What is the kinocilium?
Respuesta
  • Stereocillia present in the eye
  • A more rigid stereocilium that is part of the hair cell
  • A small micro-organism

Pregunta 91

Pregunta
What are tip links connected to?
Respuesta
  • Adjacent stereocilia
  • Stretch-activated channels
  • Voltage-Gated Channels

Pregunta 92

Pregunta
Why do Calcium and potassium enter stereocilia when stretch-gated channels are opened?
Respuesta
  • Hair cells are in the endolymph
  • Hair cells are in the perilymph
  • Hair cells are in the ECF

Pregunta 93

Pregunta
Which organs provide us information about balance and movement?
Respuesta
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Otolith Organs
  • Stapes
  • Ampulla

Pregunta 94

Pregunta
There are [blank_start]three[blank_end] semicircular canals that provide us information about [blank_start]rotational movement[blank_end]. The Utricle and Saccule are [blank_start]Otolith organs[blank_end] that give information about [blank_start]linear movement[blank_end]. The Utricle signals [blank_start]horizontal movement[blank_end], while the Saccule signals [blank_start]verticle movement[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • three
  • two
  • four
  • rotational movement
  • Otolith organs
  • linear movement
  • horizontal movement
  • verticle movement

Pregunta 95

Pregunta
Label the diagram
Image:
397ed947-027f-4df1-8c49-fe5ddeb339cb (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  • Cochlea
  • Ampulla
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window

Pregunta 96

Pregunta
What fluid fills the semi-circular canals?
Respuesta
  • Perilymph
  • Endolymph
  • ECF

Pregunta 97

Pregunta
If you rotate your head to the left, which way is the fluid in the semicircular canals moving?
Respuesta
  • To the right
  • To the left

Pregunta 98

Pregunta
When the head rotates, the ampulla in each ear
Respuesta
  • Move in the same direction
  • Move in opposite directions

Pregunta 99

Pregunta
When the ampulla moves it pulls on the __________, which affects ___________.
Respuesta
  • Hair cells, stretch activated channels
  • Stapes, stretch activated channels
  • Stretch activated channels, hair cells

Pregunta 100

Pregunta
When the hair cells are pushed towards the kinocilium, the cells are [blank_start]depolarized[blank_end]. When the hair cells are pushed away from the kinocilium, the cells are [blank_start]hyperpolarized[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • hyperpolarized
  • depolarized

Pregunta 101

Pregunta
When you move along one axis, the hair cells in one ear are depolarized while the hair cells in the other ear are hyperpolarized. This helps you determine directionality of the movement.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 102

Pregunta
What happens to the ampulla after you consume a generous amount of alcohol?
Respuesta
  • Specific Gravity of fluid in the canals changes --> ampulla flops over
  • Your otoliths detach and make you feel like you are spinning
  • Your semicircular canals become blocked

Pregunta 103

Pregunta
What are otoliths?
Respuesta
  • The smallest bones in the body
  • Small Stones of calcium carbonate
  • They are part of the hair cell

Pregunta 104

Pregunta
Label the diagram
Image:
122cc266-bc4f-4a41-be5b-e235b9ba5588 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Kinocilium
  • Stereocillia
  • Otoliths
  • Gelatinous Layer
  • Hair Cell
  • Support Cell
  • Nerve Fibre

Pregunta 105

Pregunta
What is the function of otoliths and the gelatinous layer they are found in?
Respuesta
  • They cause a lag in the movement of hair cells which helps us detect linear motion
  • They contact hair cells to activate them
  • They cause the cell to depolarize

Pregunta 106

Pregunta
What is vertigo caused by?
Respuesta
  • Otoliths detaching and activating hair cells
  • Constant depolarization of hair cells
  • Missing Kinocillium

Pregunta 107

Pregunta
Label the image
Image:
f6fc9dc0-905b-4d91-8577-2aecbdddf02b (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Fovea
  • Optic Disk
  • Optic Nerve
  • Sclera
  • Lens
  • Vitreous Humor
  • Aqueous Humor
  • Cornea
  • Pupil
  • Iris
  • Ciliary Body
  • Suspensory Ligaments
  • Retina

Pregunta 108

Pregunta
Where does the majority of refraction take place (in the eye)?
Respuesta
  • Lens
  • Cornea
  • Retina
  • Aqueous Humor

Pregunta 109

Pregunta
What produced aqueous humor?
Respuesta
  • Cornea
  • Ciliary Bodies
  • Conjunctiva
  • Lens

Pregunta 110

Pregunta
What does the aquous humor do?
Respuesta
  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cornea
  • Is the sole layer responsible for refracting light
  • Diffractions light

Pregunta 111

Pregunta
How is vitreous humor produced?
Respuesta
  • Ciliary Bodies
  • Residual aqueous humor that passes through the lens
  • Conjunctiva

Pregunta 112

Pregunta
What is the structure that allows aqueous humor to drain from the eye?
Respuesta
  • Tear Duct
  • Conjunctiva
  • Pupil
  • Canals of Schlem

Pregunta 113

Pregunta
How many mL of aqueous humor is produced in a day?
Respuesta
  • 1
  • 2
  • 5
  • 10

Pregunta 114

Pregunta
What is the purpose of the iris?
Respuesta
  • To make the eye look nice
  • To stop light and force it to enter via the pupil
  • To diffract light

Pregunta 115

Pregunta
Match the muscle with 1) Movement of eye 2) Where it is located in the iris 3) which system it responds to: Circular: [blank_start]constrictive[blank_end]; [blank_start]center[blank_end]; [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] Radial: [blank_start]dilates[blank_end]; [blank_start]outer portion[blank_end]; [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • constrictive
  • center
  • parasympathetic
  • dilates
  • outer portion
  • sympathetic

Pregunta 116

Pregunta
Label the image, - the blue and pink arrows indicated the type of stimulation - label the other lines with the characteristics of that particular part of the eye - In front of the cornea of each eye, label the type of light that causes the observed changes
Image:
066b9c96-038c-4faf-a30b-1fd374ca4f38 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Sympathetic Stimulation
  • Far object --> light comes in parallel
  • Near object --> light comes in diverging
  • Relaxed Ciliary Muscles
  • Flattened, weak lens
  • Tight suspensory ligaments
  • Parasympathetic Stimulation
  • Contracted Ciliary Muscles
  • Strong, Rounded Lens
  • Loose suspensory ligaments

Pregunta 117

Pregunta
Match the terms: Normal Vision: [blank_start]emmetropia[blank_end] Near-sighted: [blank_start]myopia[blank_end] Far- sighted: [blank_start]hyperopia[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • emmetropia
  • myopia
  • hyperopia

Pregunta 118

Pregunta
How do you correct myopia?
Respuesta
  • Concave lens to allow light to reach the back of the retina
  • Convex lens to allow light to reach the back of the retina

Pregunta 119

Pregunta
What happens in hyperopia?
Respuesta
  • Light is focused behind the retina
  • The lens is too weak
  • The lens is too strong
  • Far-sighted
  • Near-sighted

Pregunta 120

Pregunta
As we age...
Respuesta
  • The crystalline structure in our eyes starts to deteriorate
  • Cataracts form
  • Lens becomes more flexible
  • Lens becomes less flexible
  • Presbyopia develops
  • Near-Sighted
  • Far-sighted

Pregunta 121

Pregunta
Label the Retinal Cells
Image:
0cb8ea2b-de63-4250-b329-e88364769aec (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Light
  • Ganglion Cell
  • Amacrine Cells
  • Bipolar Cells
  • Horizontal Cell
  • Rod
  • Cone
  • Back of Retina

Pregunta 122

Pregunta
What is it about the processing cells in the retina that allow light to travel to the photoreceptors?
Respuesta
  • They are transparent
  • There are spaces between the cells for light to pass through
  • Light cannot pass through, it has to be transmitted through the processing cells first

Pregunta 123

Pregunta
What is at the optic disk?
Respuesta
  • Blood Vessels
  • Highest Visual Acuity
  • Blind Spot
  • Axons of Ganglion Cells converge here
  • Optic Nerve
  • Macula

Pregunta 124

Pregunta
There are many more rods than cones in the retina.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 125

Pregunta
There are more [blank_start]rods[blank_end] than [blank_start]cones[blank_end] in the retina. Rods are activated by [blank_start]low light[blank_end] and have a [blank_start]slow[blank_end] response time. Cones are activated in [blank_start]intense light[blank_end] and have a [blank_start]fast[blank_end] response time. Rods are [blank_start]monochromatic[blank_end] while cones are [blank_start]trichromatic[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • rods
  • cones
  • low light
  • slow
  • intense light
  • fast
  • monochromatic
  • trichromatic

Pregunta 126

Pregunta
Cones are better than rods in detecting changes in visual stimuli.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 127

Pregunta
Which neurotransmitter is released by rods and cones?
Respuesta
  • Glutamate
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamine

Pregunta 128

Pregunta
Why are cones better at transducing light?
Respuesta
  • They have increased SA
  • They have disks in their outer segment
  • They have a larger amount of Glutamate that can be released

Pregunta 129

Pregunta
Retinal is derived from which vitamin?
Respuesta
  • Vit B1
  • Vit B6
  • Vit E
  • Vit A

Pregunta 130

Pregunta
When no light is present, retinal is in the all [blank_start]cis[blank_end] form. When light hits, it is converted into the all [blank_start]trans[blank_end] form. This form is also called [blank_start]metarhodopsin II[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • cis
  • trans
  • metarhodopsin II

Pregunta 131

Pregunta
cGMP phosphodiesterase converts [blank_start]cGMP[blank_end] into [blank_start]5' GMP[blank_end] which causes the rod cell to [blank_start]hyperpolarize[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • cGMP
  • 5' GMP
  • hyperpolarize

Pregunta 132

Pregunta
If an on-center bipolar cell is stimulated, this means that the off-center bipolar cell will not be stimulated.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 133

Pregunta
Label the diagram
Image:
2098218b-249d-428b-8932-27724ce0caf8 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Photoreceptor = hyperpolarized (LIGHT)
  • On-center bipolar (DEPOL)
  • On-center Ganglion (DEPOL)
  • Off-center Bipolar (HYPERPOL)
  • Off-center Ganglion (HYPERPOL)
  • Few APs
  • Many APs

Pregunta 134

Pregunta
What type of pathway is visual transduction following in this pathway ?(label in top L corner) Label the cell types present
Image:
2d231bbc-601e-4615-97de-305ebc8f3a21 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Vertical Pathway
  • Lateral Pathway
  • Photoreceptor = HYPERPOL (LIGHT)
  • Horizontal = HYPERPOL
  • Adjacent PR = DEPOL
  • Adjacent PR = HYPERPOL
  • On-center bipolar = HYPERPOL
  • Off-center bipolar = HYPERPOL
  • Off-center ganglion = HYPERPOL
  • On-center ganglion = HYPERPOL
  • Few APs
  • Lots of APs

Pregunta 135

Pregunta
What type of process would generate these responses?
Image:
c3aa87f7-8a3d-4d84-88a8-530c6048cab2 (image/png)
Respuesta
  • On-Center Processes
  • Off-Center Processes

Pregunta 136

Pregunta
What type of processes would generate these responses?
Image:
f0572a08-48e3-45ee-b4e6-ea3f0f57596c (image/png)
Respuesta
  • Off-Center Processes
  • On-Center Processes

Pregunta 137

Pregunta
Blue cones contain the pigment [blank_start]cyanolabe[blank_end] Green cones contain the pigment [blank_start]chlorolabe[blank_end] Red cones contain the pigment [blank_start]erythrolabe[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • cyanolabe
  • Chlorolabe
  • Erythrolabe
  • chlorolabe
  • Cyanolabe
  • erythrolabe
  • erythrolabe
  • cyanolabe
  • chlorolabe

Pregunta 138

Pregunta
Blue light has the [blank_start]shortest[blank_end] wavelength of light, while red has the [blank_start]longest[blank_end].
Respuesta
  • shortest
  • longest

Pregunta 139

Pregunta
What is color blindness caused by?
Respuesta
  • Deficiency in rods
  • Deficiency in cones
  • Difficiency in metarhodopsin II
  • Deficiency in retinal
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