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Behavioural Psychology

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Bangor University Behavioural psychology module
Ben Armstrong
Test por Ben Armstrong, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Ben Armstrong
Creado por Ben Armstrong hace más de 7 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Visual analysis involves looking at the level, trend, and __________ of the data.
Respuesta
  • Generality
  • Variability
  • Mean
  • Mode

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
A common assumption in social science is that variability is ________ to the individual.
Respuesta
  • Intrinsic
  • Uncontrollable
  • Extrinsic
  • Covert

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
___________ are tentative statements for which further support is sought.
Respuesta
  • Theories
  • Hypotheses
  • Hypothetico-deductions
  • ABA

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
Behaviour analysis ___________ ‘off-the-shelf’ designs for particular research questions.
Respuesta
  • Does not have
  • Uses
  • Deductively uses
  • Sparingly uses

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
A ________ of behaviour describes a functional relation between behaviour and controlling variables.
Respuesta
  • Tactic
  • Theory
  • Principle
  • Hypothesis

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
Inductive approaches involve _____________________________ .
Respuesta
  • giving prominence to hypothesis testing
  • giving prominence to theory rather than data
  • giving prominence to data rather than theory
  • giving prominence to experimental behaviour analysis

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
Dissimilarity of scores in an experimental condition is called _________.
Respuesta
  • Trend
  • Variability
  • Stability
  • A non-parametric test

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
When changes in behaviour result from the intervention are meaningful and useful, they are _____________.
Respuesta
  • reliable and significant
  • statistically significant
  • clinically significant
  • measuring what they are supposed to

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
A/an __________ is a brief but specific statement of what the researcher wants to learn from conducting the experiment.
Respuesta
  • induction
  • hypothesis
  • experimental question
  • abstract

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
Beginning with a measure of an individual’s behaviour against which an independent variable is measured is called ___________.
Respuesta
  • establishing a baseline
  • developing a hypothesis
  • measuring trend
  • measuring variability

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
In his book The Behavior of Organisms (1938) Skinner described a science called the ______________.
Respuesta
  • experimental analysis
  • applied analysis
  • behavioural analysis
  • ABA reversal design

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
______________ is antithetical to determinism, which specifies that behaviour is lawful.
Respuesta
  • Accidentalism
  • Empiricism
  • Mentalism
  • Materialism

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
Radical behaviourism does not ignore thoughts and feelings, but treats them like other operant behaviours and calls them _________.
Respuesta
  • emotive behaviours
  • private events
  • private occurrences
  • emotive feelings

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
_____________ are circular arguments that do not help to explain behaviour.
Respuesta
  • Parsimonious fictions
  • Fictitious explanations
  • Explanatory fictions
  • Facts

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
The principle that conclusions drawn from scientific manipulation are tentative is that of ________________.
Respuesta
  • philosophic doubt
  • scientific doubt
  • empiricism
  • subjective opinion

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
A behaviour analyst may use some _______________________.
Respuesta
  • discrete trial teaching as the main approach.
  • discrete trial teaching, but only for children with autism.
  • discrete trial teaching.
  • biased opinion

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
_________________ refers to a variety of techniques designed to reduce the stimulation directly produced by a response.
Respuesta
  • Planned ignoring
  • Sensory extinction
  • Escape extinction
  • Shaping

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
Allen et al. (2013) found that the presence of manic episode in a woman with schizoaffective disorder and an intellectual disability made challenging behaviour sensitive to attention. This indicated that her challenging behaviour was likely maintained by ____________.
Respuesta
  • negative reinforcement
  • positive punishment
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative punishment

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
Escape extinction is ___________ for behaviours maintained by social attention.
Respuesta
  • irrelevent
  • recommended
  • contraindicated
  • highly recommended

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
Holtyn et al. (2014) used negative reinforcement to increase drug abstinence by introducing a _______________ contingent on an employee producing a urine sample showing drug use.
Respuesta
  • token econonomy
  • base pay reset
  • pay rise
  • sectioning

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
A cumulative record shows the pattern of responding _______ sessions.
Respuesta
  • across
  • within
  • outside
  • dependent on

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
Under a fixed-time schedule, reinforcers are delivered __________ behaviour.
Respuesta
  • Irrespective of
  • contingent on
  • after a
  • before a

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
A ________ schedule is an example of a complex schedule of reinforcement.
Respuesta
  • Variable interval
  • Feedback
  • tandem
  • Fixed ratio

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
The pattern of responding under a fixed-ratio schedule involves a post-reinforcement pause and a series of reinforcers; a pattern which is called ______________.
Respuesta
  • Pause-and-respond
  • scallop
  • break-and-run
  • time-out

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
A ratio schedule requires a specified number of ___________ since the last reinforcer for the next reinforcer to be obtained.
Respuesta
  • stimuli
  • seconds
  • reponses
  • minutes

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
Schedule thinning often involves moving from a continuous schedule of reinforcement to an __________ schedule of reinforcement.
Respuesta
  • intermittent
  • indirect
  • independent
  • complex

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
Sometimes, humans are less sensitive to schedules than animals because of instructional control. Instructional control describes how _____________ interferes with the schedule.
Respuesta
  • verbal behaviour
  • stimulus control
  • motivating operations
  • copulation

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
One of the limitations of the research on schedules is that a large proportion of it has been conducted using ______________.
Respuesta
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative reinforcement
  • positive punishment
  • negative punishment

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
Grow et al. (2010) interspersed periods of staff availability with unavailability to put excessive social behaviours of a man with intellectual disabilities under stimulus control. The two schedules (availability and unavailability) were a multiple schedule because they ____________________.
Respuesta
  • were simultaneous and had discriminative stimuli
  • were successive and had discriminative stimuli
  • were simultaneous and had no discriminative stimuli
  • involved reinforcement

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
Saunders et al. (2005) showed that showing their participants how pieces of paper they had to shred to earn reinforcers under a fixed ratio schedule made the schedule more effective. This is an example of a ___________________.
Respuesta
  • Post-reinforcement pause
  • Fixed time schedule
  • discriminative stimulus
  • punishment

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
Reinforcement available for responding outside of schedules in the matching law (Re) is called _______________.
Respuesta
  • Externalising reinforcement
  • Extraneous reinforcement
  • Experimental reinforcement
  • Equal reinforcement

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
In a concurrent schedule, two or more schedules are available at the same time, and they are ______________ .
Respuesta
  • dependent
  • interdependent
  • independent
  • intradependent

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
Matching law analyses usually use ______ schedules as they produce a high, stable rate of responding.
Respuesta
  • VR
  • VI
  • FI
  • FR

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
_______________ response effort on an alternative will result in an increase in responding on that alternative.
Respuesta
  • Decreasing
  • Increasing
  • Not changing
  • Maximising

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
In Herrnstein's (1971) matching law equation, B and R represent _____________________________________ respectively.
Respuesta
  • behaviour emitted and reinforcers obtained
  • behaviour emitted and reinforcers available
  • behaviour obtained and reinforcers available
  • behaviour obtained and reinforcers obtained

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
The allocation of responses to alternatives in a matching analysis is the _________ response ratio
Respuesta
  • absolute
  • relative
  • independent
  • reverse

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
Applied situations can often be analysed as ________________________.
Respuesta
  • concurrent reinforcement schedules
  • nonconcurrent reinforcement schedules
  • mixed reinforcement schedules
  • Stimulus control

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
The opportunity to choose is effective for increasing appropriate behaviour, however it is difficult to tell whether this is because of the reinforcing effects of making a choice, or that making a choice provided access to more reinforcing outcomes. This is called the _____________________________.
Respuesta
  • choosing effect
  • reinforcing effect
  • differential outcomes effect
  • individual differences

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
Borrero et al. (2007) showed that social interactions were aimed at people in a conversation based on how much reinforcement they provided for interactions (i.e., matching). This finding could be used in a classroom by providing a __________________ for children who call out too often and the opposite for children who do not participate enough.
Respuesta
  • denser schedule
  • leaner schedule
  • concurrent schedule
  • a more compacted schedule

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
The opportunity to choose tasks, rather than being assigned tasks, might alter the value of escape (i.e., could be a / an __________________ for escape as a reinforcer).
Respuesta
  • establishing operations
  • abolishing operation
  • concurrent schedule
  • motivating operation

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
Because it can be paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers, money is a _____________________.
Respuesta
  • generalised unconditioned reinforcer
  • primary reinforcer
  • generalised conditioned reinforcer
  • token economy

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
If you add a response cost to a token economy, you are adding a _____________________.
Respuesta
  • Negative punisher
  • Negative reinforcer
  • Positive reinforcer
  • Positive punisher

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
______________________ involves using a tone as a conditioned reinforcer in recall ranching of fish.
Respuesta
  • Implementing a token economy
  • Temporal discrimination
  • Acoustic conditioning
  • Acoustic encoding

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
In a token economy, it is important to clearly explain and arrange how conditioned reinforcers will be ______________________.
Respuesta
  • exchanged
  • changed
  • unconditioned
  • conditioned

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
A person's _________________ can account for variations in the stimuli that will serve as conditioned reinforcers or punishers for that person.
Respuesta
  • personality
  • learning history
  • motivation
  • discriminative stimuli

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
A potential mistake in setting up a token economy is to __________________.
Respuesta
  • stop the person bargaining with you
  • thin the schedule
  • define behaviours poorly
  • make the schedule denser

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
Protopopova and Wynne (2015) found that the behaviour of dogs in a shelter could be improved to increase their chances of adoption. Under a differential reinforcement of other behaviour schedule (DRO), reinforcers are presented ____________________.
Respuesta
  • at fixed times but only if the undesirable behaviour is not occurring
  • contingent on desirable behaviour
  • contingent on undesirable behaviour
  • regardless of their behaviour (FI)

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
TAGTEACH, which involves a clicker as a conditioned reinforcer for human behaviour, is called __________________.
Respuesta
  • teaching with unconditioned reinforcement
  • teaching with acoustical guidance
  • conditioned teaching
  • teaching by playing tag

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
The difference between clicker training in animals and TAGTEACH is __________________________________________________________ .
Respuesta
  • there is no explicit pairing of the sound with a primary reinforcer in TAGTEACH
  • there is no backup reinforcer in TAGTEACH
  • clicker training in animals is more effective
  • TAGTEACH uses a token economy whereby clicker training does not

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
A conditioned reinforcer is also called a _____________________.
Respuesta
  • primary reinforcer
  • pairing reinforcer
  • secondary reinforcer
  • Token Economy

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
When superstitious behaviour occurs because of something in the environment, it is a Type 2 superstition. Behaviour is under superstitious ______________ control.
Respuesta
  • causal
  • discriminitive
  • reinforcer
  • correlation

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
Skinner (1948) showed each pigeon in his study engaged in a dominant superstitious response when he delivered reinforcers on a __ schedule of reinforcement.
Respuesta
  • FR
  • FT
  • VI
  • VR

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
Killeen (1978) showed that superstitious behaviour may not be a result of an inability to discriminate, but of _________ .
Respuesta
  • chance
  • bias
  • contingency shaping
  • fixed schedules

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
Adventitious reinforcement is when a reinforcer __________ a behaviour but is not caused by it
Respuesta
  • precedes
  • occurs simultaneously with
  • follows
  • motivates

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
Superstitious behaviour drifts over time because small ______________ in the behaviour are reinforced and become dominant
Respuesta
  • consistencies
  • variations
  • motivations
  • contingencies

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
Rule-governed behaviour arises with instruction; it is ______________.
Respuesta
  • shaped
  • affected by contingencies
  • not shaped
  • chained

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
The law of effect is a _______________ ; it’s about things happening close together in time.
Respuesta
  • temporal law
  • temperate law
  • discriminative law
  • fixed ratio schedule

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
Supersitious behaviour is NOT _____________ .
Respuesta
  • Difficult to produce
  • persistent
  • Behaviour that drifts over time
  • in fact, real

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
Wager and Morris (1978) found that when a clown dispensed marbles on a fixed-time schedule, children developed superstitious behaviour that was characteristic of scalloped responding under a _____________ schedule.
Respuesta
  • Fixed-ratio
  • Fixed-interval
  • Variable-ratio
  • Variable-interval

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
A behaviour analytic account of values is that ________________________ .
Respuesta
  • Values don’t exist
  • Values are unconditioned
  • we learn to call some things good and some things bad
  • Values that exist

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
To facilitate generalisation to the real-world setting when teaching someone to order at McDonalds, you might use a real McDonalds menu during training. This is called _______________ .
Respuesta
  • multiple exemplar training
  • discrimination training
  • incorporating common stimuli
  • naturally-occuring stimuli

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
A prominent stimulus in the environment can be called _________ .
Respuesta
  • salient
  • generalisable
  • discrete
  • Insignificant

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
The occurrence of behaviour in untrained settings is ___________.
Respuesta
  • generalisation
  • discrimination
  • salience
  • incorporating common stimuli

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
Untrained behaviours that are _______________ to the behaviour that was trained appear under response generalisation.
Respuesta
  • functionally irrelevant
  • functionally equivalent
  • topographically equivalent
  • naturally-occurring stimuli

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
Training can be said to be effective when behaviour comes under the control of ___________________________.
Respuesta
  • discriminated operants
  • prompts
  • naturally-occurring stimuli
  • incorporating common stimuli

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
Discrimination is when different stimuli ________________________________.
Respuesta
  • evoke the same response
  • do not evoke the same response
  • evokes a prompt
  • prevents the same response

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
A generalisation gradient shows how much responding occurs as a dimension of the _________________ varies (e.g., colour).
Respuesta
  • reinforcer
  • discriminative stimulus
  • behaviour
  • stimuli

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
Lalli et al. (1998) found that the probability of self-injurious behaviour varied based on how close the therapist stood to the child. They were able to plot a generalisation gradient and the discriminative stimulus was __________________.
Respuesta
  • the child
  • the therapist
  • attention
  • the classroom

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
Guttman and Kalish (1956) showed that pigeons' responding to keys that were a slightly different colour to the training key colour made a generalisation gradient. The shape of this gradient was ______________________________ .
Respuesta
  • a peak in the middle at the training key colour, with fewer and fewer responses the further away the colour was from the training colour.
  • more responding to shades of yellow, with no peak
  • a dip in responses at the training colour, with more responding to other colours
  • a bell-curve

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
When you make a generalisation gradient, you plot the ___________________________________ x- and y-axes, respectively.
Respuesta
  • dimension of the discriminative stimulus and number of responses
  • number of responses and dimension of the discriminative stimulus
  • number of responses and reinforcers
  • data points

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
The consequence of another person terminating an aversive task, interaction, or activity contingent on a behaviour is ______________________.
Respuesta
  • Social positive reinforcement
  • Social negative reinforcement
  • Social negative punishment
  • Social positive punishment

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
Automatic reinforcement occurs when _____________________.
Respuesta
  • behaviour is followed by a conditioned reinforcer
  • behaviour is followed by praise
  • behaviour provides stimulation
  • contingencies are met

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
Indirect methods as also called ______________ because they involve gathering information from people in the environment.
Respuesta
  • direct observation
  • descriptive methods
  • informant methods
  • covert attention

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
A _______________ involves manipulating antecedents or consequences to determine their effect on behaviour.
Respuesta
  • functional analysis
  • scatterplot
  • direct observation
  • simple regression

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
In a functional analysis, function is indicated in the condition with the _________________.
Respuesta
  • the lowest rate of responding
  • the highest rate of responding
  • an average rate of responding
  • generalisation of the behaviour

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
Behaviour change as a result of a specific change in the environment as part of a procedure shows a _____________________.
Respuesta
  • topography of behaviour
  • functional relation
  • purposeful behaviour
  • generalised behaviour

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
Sharp et al. (2012) showed that liquid rescheduling was effective in decreasing rumination (repetitive regurgitation and re-swallowing of food). Liquid rescheduling is ___________________.
Respuesta
  • An antecedent intervention
  • An intervention for behaviours maintained by escape
  • A reinforcer
  • A punisher (Frank Castle)

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
Dozier et al. (2011) arranged their functional analysis conditions to reflect the ______________________ of a man's inappropriate sexual behaviour involving feet and shoes. This helped them identify antecedents.
Respuesta
  • Reinforcers
  • relevant stimulus conditions
  • extinction conditions
  • punishers

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
Scratching a poison ivy rash is an example of _______________________ . A functionally-equivalent response would be to put calamine lotion on it.
Respuesta
  • Automatic negative reinforcement
  • Automatic positive reinforcement
  • Social negative reinforcement
  • Social positive reinforcement

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
Tangible reinforcement is also called _______________.
Respuesta
  • escape
  • social positive reinforcement
  • automatic positive reinforcement
  • automatic negative reinforcement

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
Explaining animal behaviour in terms of human motives is _______________________.
Respuesta
  • problem solving
  • functional equivalence
  • an anthropomorphism
  • preposterous

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
Novel behaviours can arise from trial-and-error, stimulus generalisation, and _____________________.
Respuesta
  • imitation
  • response generalisation
  • problem solving
  • shaping

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
A dog looking 'guilty' could be negatively reinforced because _______________________.
Respuesta
  • it results in being petted
  • it results in the scolding stopping
  • it results in being forgiven
  • the dog actually feels guilty

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
When Epstein's pigeons were placed in the problem solving situation there was ________________________________________.
Respuesta
  • imitation of previous responses
  • shaping of behaviour
  • an initial conflict between responses
  • great cognitions within the pigeons

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
Keeping the Russian anti-tank dogs hungry created _____________________________.
Respuesta
  • stimulus control
  • a motivating operation
  • generalisation
  • a discriminative stimulus

Pregunta 86

Pregunta
Performing novel behaviours in a situation that you've never been in before to produce certain consequences is __________.
Respuesta
  • trial and error
  • problem solving
  • anthropomorphising
  • looking like a fool

Pregunta 87

Pregunta
The purpose of conducting a preference assessment for dogs such as in Vicars et al. (2014) is to identify stimuli that might serve as ____________________.
Respuesta
  • reinforcers
  • motivating operations
  • punishers
  • abolishing operations

Pregunta 88

Pregunta
Vicars et al. (2014) used a paired stimulus preference assessment for dogs. This involved presenting pairs of stimuli from which the dogs could choose, an approach based on _____________________.
Respuesta
  • Supersitious behaviour
  • Stimulus control
  • the matching law
  • previous research

Pregunta 89

Pregunta
Martin et al. (2011) conducted a functional analysis on a chimpanzee's faeces throwing behaviour. They found that the chimpanzee was engaging in this behaviour ____________________________.
Respuesta
  • Because it was angry
  • Because it was being punished
  • Because it received reinforcers for doing so
  • because it wanted to be a major league baseball player

Pregunta 90

Pregunta
Improving the quality of life of animals in captivity would NOT include ________________________to manage difficult behaviour.
Respuesta
  • Environmental enrichment
  • implementing function-based interventions
  • Forcing compliance
  • forcing conformity

Pregunta 91

Pregunta
Criminal profiling is a process by which evidence (particularly that found at a crime scene) is analysed to determine ______________ offender characteristics.
Respuesta
  • probable
  • personality
  • with certainty
  • deep

Pregunta 92

Pregunta
Kocsis, Hayes, and Irwin (2002) found the _______________ was not a factor in the accuracy of profiling.
Respuesta
  • gender
  • age
  • experience
  • genetics

Pregunta 93

Pregunta
______________ assumes that offenders engaging in similar behaviours will display similar characteristics.
Respuesta
  • Homology
  • Behaviourism
  • Empiricism
  • Hetrology

Pregunta 94

Pregunta
Ferguson (2013) suggested that there are only five relevant offender characteristics in a profile - motive, special skills or knowledge of methods and materials, relationship to the victim, __________________ and criminal skill or forensic awareness.
Respuesta
  • personality
  • knowledge of the crime scene or location
  • history of abuse
  • drunk and disorderly

Pregunta 95

Pregunta
One of the challenges is behaviour analysis of criminal behaviour is that often, the behaviours are _________.
Respuesta
  • not measurable
  • internal
  • covert
  • overt

Pregunta 96

Pregunta
A challenge in teaching incarcerated offenders new behaviours whilst they are in prison is ______________.
Respuesta
  • They don’t want to change
  • generalisation to outside settings
  • there is no evidence that it works
  • extensively researched and completely effective

Pregunta 97

Pregunta
Being sent to prison after committing a crime could be a ___________________.
Respuesta
  • Delayed punisher
  • Punisher with good temporal contiguity
  • Discriminative stimulus for crime
  • an ineffective means of teaching someone a lesson. Bring back public execution! :D

Pregunta 98

Pregunta
Committing crimes can be on _______________ schedule of reinforcement – sometimes you don’t get caught
Respuesta
  • a continuous
  • no
  • intermittent
  • fixed interval

Pregunta 99

Pregunta
Schnelle et al. (1978) found that adding a helicopter decreased burglaries and the cash benefits outweighed the cost of the helicopter. The helicopter was most likely a ___________________________.
Respuesta
  • discriminative stimulus for a punisher (being caught)
  • punisher
  • motivating operation
  • reinforcer

Pregunta 100

Pregunta
Bassett and Blanchard (1977) found that the number of behaviours punished and the frequency of punishment increased when a prison token economy was unsupervised. This could have been because implementing punishment was a _____________ for the behaviour of the guards running the token economy.
Respuesta
  • punisher
  • motivating operation
  • reinforcer
  • jeez why did i even start this quiz 100 QUESTIONS!!!?? you're having a laugh mate...

Pregunta 101

Pregunta
You have been asked to assess and change a child’s disruptive behaviour at school. The teacher reports that he engages in the behaviour most during maths class. When is the best time to observe?
Respuesta
  • During maths lessons.
  • During all lessons.
  • At home.
  • During school and at home.

Pregunta 102

Pregunta
The research approach that looks at generating theories from carefully collected data is called...
Respuesta
  • behaviour analysis.
  • deduction.
  • induction.
  • the scientific method.

Pregunta 103

Pregunta
Which of the following is accurate from the perspective of behaviour analysis?
Respuesta
  • Positive means additive and negative means subtractive.
  • Positive means good and negative means bad.
  • Positive means in the desired direction and negative means contrary to the desired direction
  • Positive means reinforcing and negative means punishing

Pregunta 104

Pregunta
Behaviour analysts look for causes of psychological behaviour in the...
Respuesta
  • mind.
  • behaver’s repertoire.
  • DSM.
  • environment

Pregunta 105

Pregunta
Behaviour can be defined as...
Respuesta
  • anything a person does.
  • the interaction of an organism in an environment.
  • thoughts and feelings.
  • all of the answers

Pregunta 106

Pregunta
Which of the following is a principle?
Respuesta
  • Shaping
  • Reinforcement
  • Chaining
  • Discrimination training

Pregunta 107

Pregunta
The use of visual analysis requires which of the following assumptions?
Respuesta
  • That the data are accurate.
  • That all variables (other than the independent variable) were held consistent across phases
  • That the baseline comes first followed by intervention.
  • The data is accurate, and the variables are consistent

Pregunta 108

Pregunta
The experimental analysis of behaviour as defined by Skinner, involves:
Respuesta
  • Mentalisms
  • Hypothetical constructs
  • A focus on the environment
  • A focus on the cognitions

Pregunta 109

Pregunta
The dimension of applied behaviour analysis ‘generality’ refers to...
Respuesta
  • Behaviour change being meaningful
  • Behaviour change persisting across time
  • Behaviour change persisting across time and across settings
  • Behaviour change methods are described in detail

Pregunta 110

Pregunta
How are reinforcement and bribery different?
Respuesta
  • Bribery doesn’t work
  • Reinforcement doesn’t work
  • Bribery precedes behaviour and benefits the briber, reinforcement follows behaviour and is intended to benefit the learner
  • Reinforcement follows behaviour and benefits the person reinforcing the behaviour, bribery precedes a behaviour and benefits the briber

Pregunta 111

Pregunta
Removing reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour is....
Respuesta
  • Punishment
  • Ignoring
  • Extinction but is never ignoring
  • Extinction and can be ignoring

Pregunta 112

Pregunta
Motivating operations...
Respuesta
  • Permanently change the value of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviours previously reinforced by that reinforcer
  • Momentarily change the value of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviours previously reinforced by that reinforcer
  • Deprivation
  • The value of a punisher

Pregunta 113

Pregunta
A schedule is defined as...
Respuesta
  • A rule that describes a contingency.
  • A type of reinforcer specific to that individual
  • A visual system used to help children with autism manage transitions
  • Reinforcing every instance of behaviour.

Pregunta 114

Pregunta
Which of the following schedules are intermittent?
Respuesta
  • variable interval and fixed interval
  • CRF
  • variable ratio and fixed ratio
  • VI, VR, FI, FR

Pregunta 115

Pregunta
How do behaviour analysts measure choice?
Respuesta
  • Using Maslow’s theory of motivation
  • Using concurrent schedules of reinforcement
  • Using consecutive schedules of reinforcement
  • D. None of the answers, behaviour analysts do not believe choice exists

Pregunta 116

Pregunta
Which of the following ALL affect matching?
Respuesta
  • Magnitude, delay, punishment, quality, and response effort
  • Force, punishment, reinforcement, stimulus control, and motivation.
  • Response effort, delay, time of day, individual differences, and inter-response time.
  • Cumulative responses, aversive control, timing, quantity, and qualitative choice.

Pregunta 117

Pregunta
Choice...
Respuesta
  • is only determined by an individual’s genetic history
  • can be used as a antecedent manipulation
  • can be used as a consequence
  • can be used as both a consequence, and an antecedent manipulation

Pregunta 118

Pregunta
In the matching law, what does Re represent?
Respuesta
  • Extraneous reinforcement: that occurs outside of what we are measuring
  • External reinforcement: outside the person
  • External responses: what we can measure
  • Extraneous reinforcement: that occurs within complex schedules

Pregunta 119

Pregunta
Choice responding to an alternative can be measured by...
Respuesta
  • The number of responses only
  • The discriminative stimulus
  • The number of responses or time allocated
  • The value of the schedule

Pregunta 120

Pregunta
What is the ‘take home message’ of the matching law in regards to explaining choice?
Respuesta
  • Discriminative stimuli shape choices
  • Responses match reinforcers
  • Choice cannot be measured
  • Preference is more important than choice

Pregunta 121

Pregunta
Timmy’s teacher sets up a token economy to teach him to participate during carpet time. She puts a sticker on his chart every time he puts his hand up to answer a question. At the end of the day she tells him how many stickers he achieved. Identify the problem with this system
Respuesta
  • Timmy should only get a sticker if he answered the question correctly
  • Stickers should never be used as tokens
  • There is no backup reinforcer
  • The teacher should not tell Timmy how many stickers he earned.

Pregunta 122

Pregunta
A token economy should always be introduced on a __ schedule and then changed to a ___ schedule of reinforcement
Respuesta
  • CRF, denser
  • CRF, thinner
  • Thin, CRF
  • Thin, denser

Pregunta 123

Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a mistake when implementing a token economy?
Respuesta
  • Negotiating the backup reinforcer part way through
  • Maintaining a CRF schedule
  • Not exchanging the token economy for a backup reinforcer
  • Changing the backup reinforcer to something more reinforcing

Pregunta 124

Pregunta
Select the correct answer. Target training during animal husbandry…
Respuesta
  • Punishes the animal for incorrect responses
  • Is only useful for primates and exotic animals
  • Increases animal interactions with humans
  • Decreases animal interactions with humans

Pregunta 125

Pregunta
When should you not use shaping?
Respuesta
  • To teach a new behaviour
  • When you can tell or show someone how to engage in the target behaviour.
  • To increase a previously-engaged in behaviour.
  • D. To teach verbal behaviour.

Pregunta 126

Pregunta
What is the cause of superstitious behaviour?
Respuesta
  • Supernatural forces
  • Concurrent schedules
  • Complex schedules
  • Adventitious reinforcement

Pregunta 127

Pregunta
Culture is transmitted...
Respuesta
  • Through verbal behaviour alone
  • Through rule-governed behaviour, contingency-shaped behaviour and imitation
  • Only though contingency-shaped behaviour
  • Genetically

Pregunta 128

Pregunta
When good events occurs, we tend to attribute the cause to ________ and when negative events occur, we tend to attribute the cause to _______.
Respuesta
  • Ourselves, ourselves.
  • The environment, ourselves
  • Ourselves, the environment
  • The environment, the environment

Pregunta 129

Pregunta
An S∆ signals
Respuesta
  • The learner will get reinforcement for choosing the triangle
  • Reinforcement is available
  • This is a discriminate stimulus
  • Extinction

Pregunta 130

Pregunta
Find the correct answer. In the original Epstein (1984) paper…
Respuesta
  • Other pigeons trained only in one of the prerequisite skills could not solve the problem
  • Jumping to peck at the banana was extinguished
  • The box being under the banana was an SD for standing on it to peck
  • All of the answers

Pregunta 131

Pregunta
What is generalisation?
Respuesta
  • The occurrence of behaviour in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some way to the SD present during training
  • an increase in the likelihood of a behaviour in the presence of a stimulus or setting as a result of being reinforced in the presence of a different stimulus or setting
  • When a behaviour is influenced by reinforcement
  • none of the answers

Pregunta 132

Pregunta
Interventions based on the ______________ of behaviour are more likely to be effective.
Respuesta
  • topography
  • function
  • stimuli
  • superstition

Pregunta 133

Pregunta
What is the principle of parsimony?
Respuesta
  • All simple logical explanations should be ruled out experimentally before more complex explanations are considered.
  • Should always go for the most complex explanation, as that is more scientific
  • Simple explanations are usually wrong
  • Should rule out foolish explanations
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