8939437
Descripción
Test por Benjamin Maier, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Benjamin Maier
hace alrededor de 7 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Before learning about Piaget's theory, you understood the terms "assimilation" and "accommodation" as they are used in conversation. After learning about Piaget's theory, you understood these terms as processes of intellectual development. This new understanding is most specifically known as
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organisation
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assimilation
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accommodation
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epistemology
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
A most basic assumption of Piaget's theory is that children progress through developmental stages _________ .
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in an invariant sequence
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at specific ages
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dependent upon their sociocultural experiences
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as they acquire increasingly complex understandings of imitation
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Developmental research has confirmed the basic sequence of development that Piaget proposed for the sensorimotor period, but some of the milestones are reached earlier than he proposed, including all of the following except
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A-not-B errors
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deferred imitation
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primary circular reactions
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object permanence
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Which of the following competencies is acquired in Piaget's preoperational stage?
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symbolic function
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decentration
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reversibility
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transitivity
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Piaget notes that children's cognitive competencies were often uneven, with children being unable to solve certain problems even though they could solve similar problems requiring the same mental operations. He referred to this phenomenon as
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genetic epistemology
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decentration of operations
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mental seriation
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horizontal decalage
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Tamara is beginning to use hypothetico-deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning in her thinking. She is becoming quite idealistic in her thinking about world politics and even her parents' behaviour. In addition, she imagines that other people are as interested in her thoughts and behaviours as she is. Tamara is most likely in the _________ stage of development.
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sensorimotor
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preoperational
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concrete-operational
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formal-operational
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Developmental psychologists critisise Piaget's cognitive developmental theory for all of the following reasons except
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the assumption that development occurs in stages
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failing to adequately describe different stages of cognitive development
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failing to specify how children progress from one stage of development to the next
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understanding social and cultural influences on cognitive development
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Vygotsky proposed that we should evaluate development from the perspective of four interrelated levels in interaction with children's environments. These four levels include all of the following except
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microgenetic
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ontogenetic
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phylogenetic
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sociogenetic
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Text messaging to communicate using cell phones is so common in today's generation of teenagers and young adults that it has become what Vygotsky would call a
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zone of proximal development
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tool of intellectual adaptation
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scaffold
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guide of participation
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
________ argued that children's self-talk was a form of egocentric speech. ________ argued that children's self-talk was a cognitive self-guidance system that regulates problem-solving activities.
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Piaget; Vygotsky
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Piaget; Piaget
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Vygotsky; Piaget
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Vygotsky; Vygotsky
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Which of the following emotions is not present at birth?
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interest
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disgust
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contentment
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embarrassment
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Children must achieve the cognitive abilities of self-recognition and self-evaluation in order to experience which of the following emotions?
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contentment
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disgust
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embarrassment
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interest
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Each culture has _______ that specify for children of each gender the appropriate intensity of emotion and the appropriate valence (positive or negative) of emotion that is acceptable in that culture.
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emotional regulation rules
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emotional display rules
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social referencing rules
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socialisation rules
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
A person's tendency to respond in predictable ways to environmental events is known as
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emotional regulation
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emotional display
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temperament
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socialisation
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
When there is a poor goodness-of-fit between parenting behaviours and temperamental attributes, ________ children may experience adjustment problems.
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slow-to-warm-up
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easy
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behaviourally inhibited
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sociable
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
After the _________, infants use their attachment object as a secure base for exploration.
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asocial phase of attachments
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phase of indiscriminate attachments
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phase of specific attachments
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phase of multiple attachments
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Which theory of attachment is currently considered the predominately accepted theory by developmental psychologists?
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psychoanalytic
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learning
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cognitive developmental
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ethological
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Which developmental milestone is generally thought to be necessary before an infant will display separation anxiety?
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entering the asocial phase of attachments
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using the attachment figure as a secure base for exploration
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achieving object permanence
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experiencing embarrassment or shame
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Jamal is a 1-year-old toddler who is being tested in a university laboratory. He is guided through a series of episodes during which his mother and a stranger come and go from the room in which he is playing. Jamal is most likely being tested using the
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Strange Situation Test
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Attachment Q-set Test
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Attachment Classification Test
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Secure Attachment Test
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Infants may form ________ of themselves and of others, which are somewhat stable over time and influence their reactions to people and challenges for years to come.
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attachment classifications
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temperamental classifications
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Q-set models
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internal working models
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
A psychologist studies ________. She is interested in how children learn the meanings of bound morphemes, free morphemes, and sentences.
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phonology
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morphology
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semantics
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syntax
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Tamina is preoccupied with pointing at things and asking what they are. She is a toddler who experiences
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the naming explosion
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prelinguistic vocables
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an overactive language acquisition device (LAD)
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metalinguistic awareness
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal research design?
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It does not evaluate individual differences in development.
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It is subject to the cross-generational problem.
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It violates the scientific method.
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It may cause developmental delays and trauma to the participants
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the cross-sectional research design?
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It does not evaluate individual differences in development.
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It is subject to the cross-gender problem.
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It violates the scientific method.
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It may cause developmental changes that would not occur naturally and which may not be long-lasting.
Pregunta 25
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from 3rd to 8th prenatal week
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major organ systems begin to function
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lasting from conception to implantation
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
A severe form of depression suffered by about 10% of new mothers leaves these women feeling like they don't want their babies, perceiving their babies to be "difficult", and not interacting with their babies. These feelings can last for months. This form of depression is known as
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maternity depression
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maternity blues
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postpartum depression
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post-birth depression
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Oxygen deprivation at birth is called
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breech delivery
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anoxia
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oxygen depletion
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umbilical cord abnormality
Pregunta 28
Respuesta
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a father's initial emotional response
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a mother's initial emotional response
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
________ are external agents such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, and radiation that can harm a developing embryo or fetus.
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Fetal programs
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PCBs
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Teratogens
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Toxoplasmoses
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
A period during which an organism is quite susceptible to certain environmental influences is known as ________ . Outside this period, the same environmental influences must be much stronger to produce comparable effects.
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sensitive period
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teratogen period
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differentiation period
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danger period
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The most critical period in prenatal development for potential damage to the developing organism from teratogens is the period of the
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blastocyst
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zygote
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fetus
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embryo
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
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the modification or distortion of new information in order to incorporate it into current schemes
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the fact that every structure has its genesis in previous structures
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the tendency to integrate structures into higher-order systems of structures
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the changing of a current scheme in order to incorporate new information
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
According to Piaget, cognitive equilibration refer to the
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tendency to integrate structures into higher-order systems or structures
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individual seeking to stabilise his or her cognitive structures
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tendency to modify structures in order to incorporate new information into existing structures
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fact that every structure has its genesis (i.e., its origins) in earlier structures
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Match the concepts with their definitions after Piaget.
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Intelligence
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Cognitive Equilibration
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Assimilation
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Constructivist
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Schemes
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Organisation
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
The first major period in Piaget's stage theory is the sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to approximately 2 years of age. Accordingly to Piaget, children at this stage
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are not able to comprehend the world yet, and must rely on others to do their thinking for them
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are able to think logically and comprehend their environment
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are of little interest to experimental psychologists because they are unable to verbalise fluently
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are able to comprehend the world around them through their actions on it
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
According to Piaget, imitation is the purest example of
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accommodation
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assimilation
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the coordination of both assimilation and coordination
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abstract representation
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Six-month-old Pedro is playing with his stuffed toy rabbit in his crib. He sets the rabbit down, and as he moves to reach his bottle, his blanket covers this toy. Pedro then turns to reach for his rabbit, but seeing only a bump in his blanket, he cries. According to Piaget, Pedro’s actions in this situation reflect a lack of
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object permanence
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deferred imitation
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primary circular reactions
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assimilation
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Piaget's concept of object permanence refers to the
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knowledge that objects have an existence in space and time independent of one's perceptions of and action on them
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knowledge that an inanimate object (e.g., a ball) will remain in a given location when put there, although an animate object (e.g., a rabbit) may not
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tendency for semantic knowledge of objects to remain permanently in long-term memory
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ability to memorise the spatial location of permanent objects in the environment
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Match the following concepts with their definitions.
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A-not-B error
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primary circular reactions
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invariant developmental sequence
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cordination of 2ndary circular reactions
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neo-nativism
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Glen's mother has dark hair and is short; Glen thinks that all mothers have dark hair and are short. This is an example of
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conservation
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disequilibrium
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egocentrism
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accommodation
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The preoperational child is charaterised by
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introspective and abstract thinking
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logical, concrete, and nonabstract thinking
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symbolic, intuitive thinking
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symbolic, intuitive, and egocentric thinking
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
A 5-year-old child suggests that John, who is 6 feet tall, must be older than his Aunt Mary, who is only 5 feet tall. This approach of interpreting age based solely on the height of an individual can be attributed to this child’s
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seeing events as specific states and ignoring transformations
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egocentricity
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inability to deal with a superordinate and subordinate concept simultaneously
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perceptual centration
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Match the following concepts with their definitions.
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representational insight
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conservation
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hypothetico-deductive reasoning
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animism
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horizontal décalage
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Vygotsky discussed four perspectives of development that should be considered in any theory of intellectual development. Which one of the following is not one of the perspectives proposed by Vygotsky?
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microgenetic development
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phylogenetic development
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sociocultural development
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prenatal development
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Five-year-old Erin sits on the floor with her mother as they play a board game. Erin rolls a 2 and a 3 on the dice. She picks up her game piece, a small toy dog, moving it along the board as she says, “I move my doggie one, two . . . then I move my doggie one, two, three.” Erin’s behaviour reflects
Respuesta
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Piaget’s perspective, that private speech reflects the child’s egocentricity of thought and represents the child’s unsuccessful attempt at social speech
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Piaget’s perspective, that private speech is a necessary precursor to social speech in that it serves as preparation (practice) for successful social communication
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Vygotsky’s perspective, that private speech serves as a cognitive self-guidance system for young children
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both Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s perspectives, that private speech is presymbolic and serves only to initiate or inhibit overt motor actions and has no influence on cognition
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Match the following concepts with their definitions.
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zone of proximal development
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ontogenetic development
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guided participation
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microgenetic development
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scaffolding
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tools of intellectual adaption
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
A researcher reports that boys show more physical aggression than girls in free play. She is able to demonstrate consistency of results across time, situations, and observers. Therefore, her findings are:
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reliable
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valid
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proven
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all of the above
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
A researcher uses looking preferences to assess categorisation abilities of babies who cannot yet speak. She is able to demonstrate that the measure she uses accurately reflects the variables that are under study. Therefore, her findings are:
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reliable
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valid
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proven
-
all of the above
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
A researcher measures children’s language development by administering questionnaires to parents. Possible problems?
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Parental questionnaires are never valid
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Parental answers are seldom reliable
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Parental answers are not suitable for assessment of children's verbal behaviour.
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May be inferior to measuring the behaviour directly
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All of the above
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
A researcher measures children’s cognitive development by asking questions about a hypothetical situation. Possible problems?
Respuesta
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Children may know something but be unable to explain it.
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Different children may get different prompts, depending on their previous answers.
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Experimenter may be biased in interpreting the answers.
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May be interior to measuring the behaviour directly.
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All of the above.
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
A researcher measures play behaviour of a few children over a long period of time, in daily structured play sessions. Possible problems?
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Children will get bored with this and underperform.
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Results will be insufficient to draw valid conclusions.
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Results may not generalise to other children.
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All of the above.
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Say that we found that watching a lot of violence on TV is correlated with disruptive behaviours in children. What conclusions can be drawn from this?
Respuesta
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TV violence may cause disruptive behaviour
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Parents of disruptive children allow them to watch more TV programmes.
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All of the above could be true.
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None of the above.
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
A researcher reported that 3-year-old children have longer attention span than 2-year-old children, as they remembered more pictures shown in a test. She used a cross-sectional design, and tested 25 children in each group.
Respuesta
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Data are not valid or reliable.
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Data are not generalisible
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Data cannot tell us about the development of individual children.
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All of the above.
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None of the above.
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Recommended for women in general: up to 14-21 units / week, so up to 2-3 units per day is OK. How much is it safe to drink in pregnancy?
Respuesta
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No drinking at all
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One unit per day
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Two units per day
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Three units per day
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Birth experience for babies is...
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Not very stressful at all
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Quite stressful
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Very stressful
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Torturous
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
For parents, especially the mother, is there a sensitive period for emotional bonding in first 6-12 hours after birth?
Respuesta
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Yes - this is crucial for the full acceptance of a new baby.
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No, there is no such thing as a sensitive period.
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It may be helpful but it is not necessary.
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It may be helpful not to see the baby immediately, until mother is properly rested and hormones return to normal.
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
You show preschool children Manyard the Cat. Then, in front of them, you place a dog mask on the cat’s face. You ask the children, does he bark or meow? They will say
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meow
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bark
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can do either as he chooses
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neither
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Genetic epistemology, Piaget's academic specialty, could be defined as the study of the:
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child's social relations with others such as peers.
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inheritance of developmental disability.
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inheritance of behavioural habits.
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development of knowledge.
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
In Piaget's theory, balance between the child's thoughts and the environment is called:
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Secondary circular reaction.
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Phylogenetic scaffolding.
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Early constructivism.
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Cognitive equilibrium.
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Object permanence refers to the understanding that:
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durable todays are preferred over those that break soon.
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existence continues even when something is out of sight.
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inanimate objects have the ability to "hide" actively.
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lost objects will always be located later.
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Three-year-old Bethan gets scared when her mum dresses up in a dinosaur costume on Halloween. This child shows:
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a phylogenetic development.
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assimilation and accommodation.
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lack of object (person) permanence.
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misunderstanding of the appearance/reality distinction.
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
Suppose we asked children to make drawings of all the life forms that might occur on another planet. According to Piaget, the novelest, creative ideas of life forms are likely to come from children at the:
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sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
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preoperational stage of cognitive development.
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concrete-operational stage of development.
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formal-operational stage of development.
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Roxanne is 4 ½ years old. She often talks out loud even when other people are not listening. This habit is:
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unusual for boys but common for girls.
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unusual for girls but common for boys.
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fairly common in all children of her age but of no significance for her cognitive development.
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fairly common in all children her age and helpful to her cognitive development.
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
Which statement is LEAST applicable to Vygotsky's theory?
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Cooperative interactions with skilled tutors are helpful.
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Variations in cultural influences are acknowledged.
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Developmental universals are sought and identified.
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Scaffolding assists the child with difficult tasks.
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
In the mirror self-recognition test, the parent covertly places a red spot on 1-year-old Gareth’s face. The child is then presented with a mirror. What is he most likely to do?
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Deliberately ignore the red spot.
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Stare at the red spot.
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Touch their nose / wipe the red spot.
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Interact with the mirror (kissing or touching it)
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
When do children start learning their native language?
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about 12 months old
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about 6 months old
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soon after birth
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before they are born
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Some language developmental researchers claim that 8-month old infants can out-perform older children on certain language tasks. Why?
Respuesta
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They are attention-, funds- and fame-seeking scientists
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They are simply mistaken - other researchers disagree
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There are large individual differences in development, some infants can be so advanced that they outperform average pre-schoolers
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This is actually true for all children in some aspects of comprehension.
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
Which type of parenting produces the happiest, best-adjusted children?
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Authoritative (high demandingness/control and high acceptance/responsiveness)
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Authoritarian (high demandingness/control and low acceptance/responsiveness)
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Permissive (low demandingness/control and high acceptance/responsiveness)
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Uninvolved (low demandingness/control) and low acceptance/responsiveness)
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
Jo has bad temper which often leads to crying and shouting. Jo’s mum tries to avoid public embarrassment by giving in to Jo’s demands when they are out. This makes it more likely that this situation will happen again. This fits with a
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Parent effects model.
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Child effects model.
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Transactional model.
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Universal model.
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Girls are more likely than boys to show which kind of aggression?
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Hostile.
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Instrumental.
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Relational.
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Bullying.
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
A strong advantage of the longitudinal design is
Respuesta
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That informed consent is not necessary.
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Its ability to discern amongst cohorts.
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That it follows development of individuals.
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That it protects from selective attrition.
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
Which of these is NOT among the five measurements that make up the APGAR test for neonates?
Respuesta
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Muscle tone.
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Heart rate.
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Reflex irritability.
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Attention span.
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
In recent decades, the age of viability has advanced earlier in the period of the fetus because of
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The increasing rate of single parenthood.
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The perfusion of toxic chemicals in food and water.
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Better maternal nutrition.
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Advances in medical technology.
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
Reasoning by verbal analogy: MATERNITY BLUES are to POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION as __________ is to __________.
Respuesta
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PRIMATE / HUMAN
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POSITIVE / NEGATIVE
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FATHER / MOTHER
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MILD / INTENSE
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
When adults interpret emotions displayed by babies in their first months of life, they
Respuesta
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Are unreliable and inaccurate.
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Do better with negative emotions than with positive.
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Do better with positive emotions than with negative.
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Are highly accurate regardless of the type of emotions.
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
"Social referencing" refers to the child's ability to
Respuesta
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Categorise people or animals as good or bad.
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Use the reactions of others to interpret an ambiguous stimulus or situation.
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Hide one's own true inner feelings.
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Understand that others' feelings differ from your own.
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
Which of these is NOT among the several methods for studying infants’ sensation / perception?
Respuesta
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Habituation / dishabituation.
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High-amplitude sucking.
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Deferred imitation.
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Evoked potentials.
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
Sandra’s mum has no time to look into a mirror. Which flaws is 6-month-old Sandra LEAST likely to notice?
Respuesta
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Very smudged eye shadow.
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A big bruise on mum's nose.
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A piece of pasta hanging off mum's chin.
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A crow's nest in mum's hair.
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
As little Benny masters object permanence, which behaviour represents the most advanced understanding?
Respuesta
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Passively waiting for an object to reappear.
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Anticipating invisible displacements.
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Making an A-not-B error.
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Looking at another toy as the first one disappears from view.
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
Ceri’s dad is upset and cries. Ceri gives her teddy to dad to hold, and tells dad he will feel better if he hugs that teddy. According to Piaget, Ceri is showing
Respuesta
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Egocentrism.
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Decentered emotionality.
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Sympathetic empathic concern.
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Animism.
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
Reasoning by verbal analogy, Piaget’s view is to Vygotsky’s view as is to
Respuesta
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Egocentrism / other's viewpoint.
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Adolescence / childhood.
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Flexibility / rigidity.
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Solitary / social.
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
For Vygotsky, private speech is
Respuesta
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Meaningless babbling.
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Entirely silent and cannot be heard by others.
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Passive reporting on thoughts after they have happened.
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Self-talk that helps children to plan their thoughts.
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
A basic definition of imitation is
Respuesta
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Doing an action after seeing it done.
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Repeating an action after getting reinforcement.
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Varying a response to achieve reinforcement.
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Repeating an action.
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
Generalised imitation, a higher-order skill investigated by researchers in Bangor and other behaviour analysts, denotes an
Respuesta
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Ability to copy actions.
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Ability to copy a variety of actions.
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Ability to copy a variety of novel actions.
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Ability to copy a variety of novel actions without external reinforcement.
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
A toddler is able to name many objects and events. He hears a familiar word /cat/. This makes him
Respuesta
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Look to find a cat.
-
Try to pet the cat.
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Do neither 1 or 2 but may echo the word 'cat'.
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Do both 1 and 2 - and he may echo the word 'cat'.
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
The set of emotions that are closely tied to cognitive development, particularly self-recognition and an understanding of social norms is
Respuesta
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Interest, distress, disgust, and contentment.
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Anger, surprise, fear, and sadness.
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Embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride.
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Joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom.
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
Belinda is 8 months old. She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her pram in the supermarket. This reaction would
Respuesta
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Be unusual in a child at that age.
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Be evidence that Belinda was insecurely attached.
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Be considered a typical response to a stranger for a child of that age (but not necessarily a universal response).
-
Simply indicate that Belinda is tired or hungry.
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
Emotional attachments between parent and child
Respuesta
-
Are the result of cultural effects of parenting in the Western countries.
-
Slowly rise from social interactions in the first months.
-
Emerge suddenly at birth, to the strongest level.
-
Result from both persons' shared genetic relationship.
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
Mary Ainsworth's (1978) "Strange Situation”
Respuesta
-
Identifies the child's level of visual imagination.
-
Provides training for the transition into foster care.
-
Measures the child's interest in novel unfamiliar items.
-
Assesses the child's attachment style.
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
The two common fears of infancy, separation anxiety and stranger anxiety, reflect the baby's preference for
Respuesta
-
Easy temperament.
-
Familiarity.
-
Social referencing.
-
Learned helplessness.
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
Training to improve the sensitivity of parents to their child’s needs
Respuesta
-
Is doomed to fail because caregiving is genetically predetermined.
-
Works and promotes secure attachment.
-
Is directed mainly to upper parents.
-
Yields temporary gains that are lost within weeks.
Pregunta 92
Pregunta
Sam, age five, turns away from the TV that shows a report of an earthquake, where people are hurt. Sam is likely to be feeling
Respuesta
-
Self-oriented distress.
-
Sympathetic empathetic arousal.
-
A hostile attribution bias.
-
Learned helplessness.
Pregunta 93
Pregunta
Finnish school-based KiVa programme does NOT contain
Respuesta
-
An online game training emotion recognition.
-
Classroom activities that teach children to be helpful bystanders.
-
Psychological counselling to make bullied children less vulnerable.
-
Parental educational materials.
Pregunta 94
Pregunta
Bangor-made Food Dudes programmes are effective interventions that increase consumption of fruit and veg. They are usually delivered by
Respuesta
-
Parents.
-
Researchers.
-
Children.
-
Teachers.
Pregunta 95
Pregunta
Which of these is NOT among Piaget's four cognitive developmental stages?
Respuesta
-
Formal operations stage.
-
Preoperational stage.
-
Proximal zone stage.
-
Sensorimotor stage.
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