CVS Lectures 4 - 6

If blood were to travel from the heart to the big toe, outline the major vessels it passes through after leaving the left ventricle.

Which other major venous vessel lies in the thigh, besides the femoral vein, and what is it's position?

We have [blank_start]5[blank_end] jugular veins. The right and left [blank_start]internal[blank_end] jugular vein, the right and left external jugular vein, and the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] jugular vein. We only have [blank_start]4[blank_end] carotid arteries, though: the right and left internal, and right and left [blank_start]external[blank_end].

Which sub-layer and layer of the blood vessels could be described as "A simple squamous epithelium which lines the lumen of all vessels."

What is the structure and function of the sub-endothelium of the Tunica Intima?

The IEL (Internal elastic lamina) of the tunica intima is well developed in veins and less developed in arteries.

The Tunica Media is mainly:

The Tunica Media has a [blank_start]variable[blank_end] content of connective tissue fibres, mainly elastin and [blank_start]collagen[blank_end]. Thickness of the media is proportional to both vessel diameter and [blank_start]blood pressure[blank_end], so is typically thickest in [blank_start]arteries[blank_end].

Choose the correct statements about the Tuinca Adventitia.

The Tunica Media is often the thickest layer of veins.

The Tunica Media often has two distinct layers in veins, and is thin compared to the Tunica Media in arteries.

A 'vascular bundle' contains:

Capillaries are the exchange site of the blood vascular system. They thus need walls that are very [blank_start]thin[blank_end], smooth and [blank_start]slow[blank_end] blood flow, and a [blank_start]large[blank_end] total cross sectional area.

Precapillary sphincters are composed of [blank_start]smooth muscle[blank_end] cells. They [blank_start]limit[blank_end] access to a local capillary bed and are controlled [blank_start]autonomically[blank_end].

Epithelial cells of the capillary wall make intercellular junctions to themselves.

Continuous capillaries are the most [blank_start]common[blank_end]. They are tight and not meant to leak, and can be found in [blank_start]skeletal and cardiac muscle.[blank_end] Fenestrated capillaries have fenestrations—pores [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] than cells—in their inner wall, but have a basement membrane which is still intact. An example of where these are needed is [blank_start]the kidney's glomerulus.[blank_end] Sinusoidal capillaries are leaky, with many holes and pores and an only partially intact basement membrane. They are also the only type of capillary which is wide enough for [blank_start]more than one cell[blank_end]. They can be found in [blank_start]the liver[blank_end].

Which of these could NOT be a distinguishing feature between veins and lymph channels?

Which of these is not a function of lymph?

Right axillary nodes and right cervical nodes drain into the [blank_start]right lymphatic duct[blank_end], which drains into the [blank_start]right subclavian vein[blank_end].

Lymph node structure could be described as trabecular.

Label the sides/pumps of the heart.

Which of these methods could increase the force of contraction of the heart?

What could explain a calcium leak in heart cells?

Actin is needed to uncouple cross bridges.

The heart twists and contorts as it contracts. What is the structural explanation for this and what advantages does it present?

Diastole is [blank_start]two[blank_end] "phases" of the cardiac cycle while systole is [blank_start]three[blank_end]. More time is spent in [blank_start]diastole[blank_end].

The mean arterial pressure can be found lying closer to systole on a graph.

Pulmonary blood pressure is much [blank_start]lower[blank_end] than systemic blood pressure because the pulmonary circuit is [blank_start]shorter[blank_end] and has a [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] volume.

Which wave travels faster(after ejection from the aorta)?

How can pulmonary and systemic blood flows be equal when their respective pressures are so different?