Socrates 1st Martyr of Education, Knowledge, and Philosophy Emphasized "Self-Understanding", "Wisdom", and the "Socratic Method" "Humanity and Intellectual Honesty" Advocated for 'Know thyself' and pursued happiness as life's goal (Eudaemonia) Plato Known as the "Father of the Academy" Self-Understanding and Wisdom Believed in the division of a person’s body and soul Divided the soul into Appetitive soul (Satisfy), Spirited soul (Courageous), and Rational soul (Drive) St. Augustine Saint and Philosopher "God is always with us" (Created like God... but) "We are naturally looking for meaning and purpose" Born imperfectly.... perfect Stressed the innate human search for meaning and purpose Explored imperfection, common ground, and understanding Rene Descartes Mathematician and French Philosopher "Father of Modern Philosophy" Noted for Modern Dualism (Cartesian Dualism); - Es Cogitans, Red Extensa Concept of 'cogito ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am) Emphasizes being in a constant doubt about one's existence proves that a person exists John Locke "Father of Classical Liberation" and proponent of 'Tabula Rasa' "Memory Theory" Grounded his work on empiricism derived from sense-experience "sensory perception" David Hume Scottish Philosopher Focused on empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism "Self is accumulation of different impressions" Proposed the Bundle Theory about the self isn't a substantial entity but a collection/bundle of perceptions, experiences and sensations Immanuel Kant German Philosopher Known for empiricism and rationalism Believed that self-awareness is only a part of ourselves Intuitions; Sensible Intuitions and Intellectual Intuitions Transcendental Apperception; Our consciousness helps us understand and create a sense of self by putting together everything we've experienced, intuited and imagined Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis "The child is the father of man" "Oaphalage" (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital Stages) Level of mental life; Unconscious, Pre-conscious and Conscious Provinces of the mind; Id, Ego and Superego [(Conscience - right/wrong) (Ego-ideal - standard for perfection)] Gilbert Ryle British philosopher who believes is the Self is the behavior presented by the person "KNOWING HOW" and "KNOWING THAT" Emphasized understanding people through their behavior not by guessing what they might have hidden in their minds Highlighted the dynamic nature of our personalities are shaped and reshaped by actions and interactions Paul Churchland Canadian Philosopher Defined the "Self by the movement of our brain" "Constant movement of the brain can be the basis of who the person is" Associated with eliminative materialism; Mental concepts might be replaced or eliminated by a more understanding of brain processes Emphasized by Churchland and his WIFE - "The brain as the self" Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty French Philosopher Known for existentialism and phenomenology (Unity of the functions of the mind and body) Coined 'Phenomenology of perception' and followed "Gestalt Psychology" Our perception of the world is tied to our actions; Our bodily experiences and movements are central to how understand the world and ourselves St. Thomas Aquinas Explained the composition of "Man" Matter or Hyle; stuff that makes up the entire universe (Biological Elements_ Form or Morph; Essence of a substance or thing "Will" and "Intellect" Soul is what animates the body, what makes us human Soul is what elevates human being to distinct level of existence, providing them with rationality, consciousness and moral agency

George Herbert Mead Sociologist from University of Chicago "Symbolic Interactions Perspective" Two parts of Self: Self-awareness and Self-image Imitation - trying to put ourselves in the shoes of another Generalized others The “I” and “Me” I - What is out there Me - Image of ourselves Henri de Saint-Simon Historic founder of French Socialism His idea of reconstruction of society conditioned by the French Revolution "Men who are successfully able to organize society for productive labor are entitled to govern it" "Society of Science" with emphasis on the role of experts and professionals Herbert Spencer Coined “Survival of the fittest” - most adaptable and capable thrives, and those not would decline Synthetic Philosophy - Encompasses realms of physical, psychological, biological, sociological, and ethical Moral Philosophy Social Statistics - one must derive pleasure from seeing pleasure in others Principles of Ethics Moral Dictum - Individuals should be free to do as they want as long as their actions don not infringe upon the rights and freedoms of others Scientific position - Knowledge should be based on empirical observation and scientific evidence David Émile Durkheim French Sociologist, "Principal Architect of modern sciences" Established academic discipline with Marx and Weber Sociology of Knowledge Collective representations - Emphasized the role of society in shaping individual belief, values and behavior Language - The way we talk and communicate is a product of everyone working together Four types of suicide Egoistic suicide Lack of Social Interaction Individual feels disconnected or detached from society More common among unmarried people, especially men Characterized by a sense of meaninglessness, apathy and depression Altruistic suicide Excessive Social Integration When one's needs are seen lower that society's Sense of being overwhelmed by group goals and beliefs Individual is expected to sacrifice themselves for society (military service) Anomic suicide Lack of social regulation or, moral confusion Occurs during times of dramatic social or economic upheaval Sense of normlessness and lack of social direction Reflects a failure of society to provide adequate moral guidance Fatalistic suicide Excessive regulation and oppressive social conditions Occurs in highly oppressive societies where individuals feel their futures are blocked Sense of hopelessness due to extreme social control Durkheim considered this type more theoretical and less common in reality Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory - one learns by observing and imitating other's actions, with reinforcement and punishment influencing the likelihood of behavioral replication Modeling / Observational Learning - Learning by observing and imitating others Self-Efficacy - an individuals belief in their own ability to achieve specific goals and produce desired outcomes Social Cognitive Theory - expands social learning theory by emphasizing the cognitive process in learning and behavior - highlights the significance of "self-efficacy", "cognitive factors" and "reciprocal determinism" in shaping human behavior Four Main Sources of Self-Efficacy Mastery Experience - "Firsthand" experience of mastering a task or achieving a goal Vicarious Experience - Observing other's experiences, can gain insight into the potential outcomes of their own actions and efforts Social Persuasion - Refers to the influence of verbal encouragement, feedback, or support from others Psychological Responses - Individual's emotional and physiological reactions to challenging/demanding behavior Determines Human Behavior Cognitive Factors ("Personal Factors") - Knowledge, Expectations and Attitudes Environmental Factors - Social Norms, Access in community and Influence on others (ability to change own environment) Behavioral Factors - Skills, Practice and Self-Efficacy Karl Marx Theory of Self-Estrangement or Self-Alienation Alienation - Under Capitalism, individuals become distant from products of their labor and process of production Class Consciousness - Believed that individuals (especially the "working class"), shared awareness of their exploitation and oppression, leading to a revolutionary transformation of society Max Weber German sociologist and Political economist Bureaucracy Hierarchy Specialization Formal rules and procedures Iron Cage of rationality - Argued that modern society, with its emphasis on efficiency, predictability, and calculability, constrains individual freedom and creativity, leading to a sense of disenchantment and alienation "To be successful, you need to use your imagination and not just follow the rules"   Lewis Morgan The Leasguge of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Iroquois (1851) - Presented the complexity of Iroquois society in a pathbreaking ethnography that was a model for future anthropologists Monogenesis - the theory that all human beings descended from a common ancestors "The structure of the family and social institutions develops and change according to a specific sequence" Theory of Social Evolution Savagery - hunting and gathering stage Barbarism - settled agriculture Civilization - more advanced agriculture

Understanding Human Self-Identity in Anthropology Anthropology Definitions and Key Concepts The study of what makes us human Emergence from European imperial ambitions in the 18th and 19th centuries Early focus on identifying weaknesses of other cultures for exploitation Emphasis on the significance of group living and institutions in shaping self-identity Marcel Mauss French anthropologist Two faces of self: Personne and Moi Moi: Person’s identity, sense of self, biological givenness Personne: Social concepts of identity Essai sur le don (1925; The Gift) Language Salient part of culture and has a tremendous effect in creating "Self" Interacting with another language means interacting with the culture Clifford Geertz American Cultural anthropologist Defined culture as “a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life” Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man Look for what makes people/cultures different, not the same. Better to focus on the differences of culture that rose over time and space Culture reveals the link between human nature and behavior Culture is the "accumulated" of symbolic patterns that appear

Self - Sense of personal identity, who we are as individual Identity - Concept of an individual about one's self, "self-identity" Self-Identity - One's self belief of what they think and feels about them. Can be influenced by how others perceive an individual Self-Development - A continuous process through one's lifespan Self-Representation - has important implications for socio-emotional functioning throughout the lifespan. William James American Psychologist and Philosopher Conceptualized the self as having two aspects: "I" subjective and active aspect of the self Non-Reflective The self in action is the thinking, acting, feeling self Self in process, in the moment Impulsive, spontaneous and indeterminate part of the self Part of the self that produces individuality "Me" objective and social aspect of the self The self as an object in the world The structured and determinate part of the self The product of our interactions and conscious reflection We know the "I' through the "me"   Physical characteristics and psychological capabilities that makes you who you are "Me" further broken down into: Material self - What belongs to a person (ex. body, family, clothes, or money) Social self - Who we are in a social situation, we change our actions, thoughts, emotions, words and mannerisms based on social situation or the people we interact with Spiritual self - Who we are at our core, including our personality, values, conscience. One's spiritual self typically don't change throughout our life Assumptions on the self: "I" is the thinking, acting, feeling self "Me" is the physical characteristics as well psychological capabilities that makes who you are. Carl Rogers American Psychologist Proponent of Humanistic Psychology and Nondirective Psychotherapy or Person-Centered Therapy The "I" as the one who acts and decides while the "Me" is what you think or feel about yourself as an object. Self-Schema - The organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are, may include interests, work, course, age, name, and physical characteristics. As you grow and adapt to changes, it also changes Unconditional Positive Regard - Accepting and supporting others exactly as they are, without judging them Identity - Composed of personal characteristics, social roles, responsibilities and affiliations that defines who we are Roles - Part of an individual's identity (ex. work, academic, social standing, and birth order in the family) Self-Concept - How one perceive self. Individual's belief about himself, including the person's attributes and who and what the self is Experiences of the Self: The existential self Subjective (I) Concept that you are unique/different from others Persian poet RUMI "Who am I in the midst of all this thought traffic?" The Categorical self Objective (Me) Concept (and the concept of others) tends to focus on his own visible characteristics Self-Concept/Self-Schema Composed of: Self-Image(Real Self) - "Who you are at the moment" Ideal Self - "Who you like to be" Ought Self (Self-Esteem/Self-worth) - "Who you think you should be" Self-Esteem and Self-Worth - refers to which we like, accept, or approve of ourselves; or how much we value ourselves Self-Esteem - always involves a degree of evaluation, and we may have a positive or negative view of ourselves Social Comparison Theory - By comparing aspects of ourselves with other people, we learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors and our social status Self-actualization - refers to the need for personal growth and development throughout one's life. It is the highest level of Abraham Maslow's "Hierarchy of needs". Once you are self-actualized, you've met you full potential as an individual Types of Social Comparison Downward Social Comparison - We raise our self-esteem, by comparing ourselves to those who are "Worse off" than us Upwards Social Comparison - It can either motivate us or highlight more of our weakness or inequities, by comparing ourselves to those who are "Better off" than us Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory We distance ourselves from that person or redefine our relation ship with them Reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill in which you were out-performed Strengthen or resolve to improve that certain aspect of ourselves. Achieving your goal through hard work may increase your self-esteem, too. Hierarchy of Needs Physiological - Food, Water, Rest Safety - Security Love & Belonging - Intimate relationships, Friends Esteem - Feeling of Accomplishment Self-Actualization - Achieving Personal Potential Self-Transcendence - Fulfillment Charles Carver & Michael Scheier Identified 2 types of self: The Private self - Your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings The Public self - Public imaged geared as a good presentation of yourself to others Self-consciousness: Being concerned about being observed and criticized by others Looking Outside Seeing and Comparing ourselves to others who are and dreaming of achieving the same May lead to; self-doubt, feelings of inadequacy, poor self-esteem, "impostor syndrome" Looking Inside Reflecting on out desires and aspirations, understanding what truly drives us from within, is a critical aspect of "self-awareness" We can align our true selves by acknowledging our inner motivations and passions Sigmund Freud Austrian Neurologist who introduced "Psychoanalysis" "Father of Psychoanalysis" Psychoanalysis treats through "psychopathology" through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalysis Free Association - Verbalize every thought that come to mind, doesn't matter if irrelevant or repugnant it may appear Dreams - Rich source of unconscious material Libido - Sexual Drive True Self vs False Self True Self - Authentic, Genuine, and innate aspects of a person's personality, values and beliefs False Self - Persona or facade that an individual presents to others, often response to social or situational pressures Levels of mental life: Conscious - Awareness Unconscious Pre-conscious - Not in current awareness but can be brought to consciousness Unconscious proper - Inaccessible Thoughts Provinces of the mind: Id - Pleasure Principle Ego - Realistic Principle Superego - Moral Principle Psychosexual Stages Oral-dependent personality - A passive person who takes more than he gives Oral-aggressive personality - A hostile vocal person who is always exploitative Anal-expulsive personality - A disorderly, messy person (Oscar of "The Old Couple") Anal-retentive personality - A stingy, compulsive "neat nick" (Felix of "The Old Couple") Phallic-personality - A person who is vain, narcissistic, and exhibitionistic