present perfect

present perfect

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

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what is the structure?

when we can use the present perfect?

THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.) An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.) A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited Portugal several times.  

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Affirmative form

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negative form

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interrogative form

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Examples

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I have walkedI haven't walked Have I walked? You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked? He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked Has he, she, it walked?