B1-5,7

Cell differentiation and Specialisation

Diffrentiation is the process in which cells become specialised for a specific job.  - They develop different subcelluar structures - Turn into different types of cells - Have specific Functions - Plants dont ever lose the ability to diffrentiate -Replacing and repairing cells - Undiffrentiated cells are called stem cells

-Sperm Cells *Long tail, Head full of mitochondria, Enzymes in the head to digest through the egg - Nerve Cells *Electrical Impules, Branched connections, Connect to other nerve cells - Muscle Cells *Long,space to contract, Lots of mitochondria, to give energy  

Mitosis

1.Growth and DNA Recplication - In a cell that is not dividing, the DNA is spread out in long strings  -Grow and increase subcellular structures  -Duplicate DNA  

2.Mitosis -Chromosomes line up ain the center and cell fibers pull them apart -Two arms go to opposite ends -Membranes form around each set of chromosomes -Nucleus is divided -Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide Two new Daughter cells  

Questions

1. Describe the events of the cell cycle that need to occur before mitosis can begin? 2. What are chromosomes? 3. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a human cell? 4. Describe the process of mitosis

5. What is differentiation? 6. What is it called when cells are undifferentiated? 7. What can mature animals cells be used for? 8. What are sperm cells specialised for? Give on part of the body that helps it do this. 9. What are muscle cells specialised for? 10. Give the function of a muscle cell. 

Blood Vessels

Arteries: - Pump blood away from the heart  - They have to go through a high pressure  - Walls are strong and elastic - Walls are thick compared to the lumen - Thick layers of muscle to make them strong - Elastic Fibres to allow them to spring back    

Capillaries - Very small - Arteries branch into capillaries - Carry blood really close to the cells to exchange substances with them - Permeable walls so that they can diffuse easily  - Provide food and oxygen - Take away C02 - One cell thick walls to increase the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance

Blood Vessels

Veins -Capillaries join  up with veins - Lower Pressure so walls don't need to be thick - Big lumen to help blood flow - Valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction   

Transpiration and Translocation

Transpiration  -Made of dead cells -Joined end to end no walls in the middle  - Carry water and mineral ions from roots to stem and leaves - This movement is of xylem 

Translocation - Elongated living cells with small pores to allow cell sap to follow through  - Food substances are transported made in leaves to the rest of the plant for use and storages - Both Directions - This movement is of Phloem

Transpiration and stomata

Light intensity - Brighter light higher transpiration rate - Stomata close in the dark because the plant cant photosynthesise Temperature  - The warmer it is the faster transpiration rate - Warm particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata

Air Flow - The better airflow the greater transpiration rate - Water vapour is swept away maintaining the low concentration, so diffusion will occur faster  Humidity  - The drier the air the faster transpiration - if air is humid there's already lots of water so there isn't a difference. Diffusion happens fastest if there's a really high concentration and a really low concentration in another.

Questions

1. What pressure do Arteries carry the blood under? 2. How are the walls in veins built up? 3. What are capillaries branches off? 4. What helps the arteries stretch?  5. What is a lumen? 6. What helps the blood flow in one direction? 7. What is a Xylem made of? 8. What does phloem transport?  

9. What is translocation? 10. What is transpiration? 11. How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?  12. Why does a better air flow help?  13. How does temperature help transpiration?   

Viral

Measles - Droplets from infected persons sneeze or a cough - Red skin rash and fever - Complication or be minor - Vaccinated if you are young  Tobacco mosaic Virus  - Plants - Mosaic patterns on a leaf - Discoloured parts of leaves - The plant can't carry out photosynthesis   

HIV  - Sexual contact - exchanging bodily fluids - sharing needles cause this - Flu-like symptom  - antiretroviral drugs to help it  - Immune cells are attacked  

Fungal

Protist

Developing Drugs

Questions

Photosynthesis

Respiration and Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Questions

Controlling blood glucose

Controlling fertility

Adrenaline and Thyroxine

Questions

Abiotic/Biotic Factors

Using Transects

Water Cylce

Carbon Cycle

Waste Management

Maintaining Ecosystems

Maintaining Biodiversity

Questions