1 genus, 2 sp
Has a true intermittent organ, and is one of the few frogs with internal fertilization
Disjunct dist. in Pacific NW, where they inhabit cold rapid streams
A few large eggs laid under rocks in streams
Tadpoles have well-developed oral suction disks, and development can take years
Adults are aquatic and lack calls and external ears
Diapositiva 2
Family Leiopelmatidae
1 genus, 4 sp
Resemble Ascaphids
Terrestrial or streamside
Small clutches of large eggs laid on land, with direct development to near-metomorphic larvae
Some M attend eggs and carry larvae on back
Threatened by habitat loss and disease
Diapositiva 3
Family Bombinatoridae
2 genera, 10 sp
Defined by technical skeletal characters
Have warning coloration on belly and exhibit the unken response
Most likely lay few large eggs
Diapositiva 4
Family Alytidae
3 genera, 11 sp
Small to medium terrestrial frogs with aquatic tadpoles
Most probably have unpalatable skin secretions
Significant genera: Alytes (midwife toad)
Diapositiva 5
Family Rhinophrynidae
Monotypic
Explosive breeders after heavy rains
Loud call
Larvae develop in temporary ponds
Fossorial exomorph
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and hyoid modified for eating ants and termites underground
Tongue protrudes straight from a groove
1 genus, 5 sp
Squat, warty, dessication tolerant
Usually nocturnal but become diurnal to breed
Explosive breeders in temporary ponds
Hard tubercle spade on outside rear foot
2 genera, 7 sp
Squat, warty, dessication tolerant
Hard tubercle spade on outside rear foot
Explosive breeders in temporary ponds
Chemical indicators of past failed transformations accelerate larval development
Dual tadpole genotypes produce different larval phenotypes in different environmental conditions (example: cannibal morph)
2 genera, 6 sp
Strongly webbed feet and prominent toe-disks
Larvae inhabit swift streams, stick to rocks with oral disk and eat algae
Eggs in puddles or damp ground, but tadpoles develop in streams (washed in)
Vertical pupils in bright light
"Squared off" toepads
52 genera, 630+ sp
Anaxyrus is the new name for NA Bufonids
Cosmopolitan distribution except Aus/NG, deserts, and Madagascar
Most terrestrial, teeth absent
Diverse repro modes, most put strings of many small eggs in temp water
Males have Bidders Organ
Cutaneous glands
Many have toxic secretions, some aposematic
Toad morphotype: squat, warty, big head
2 genera, 4 sp
Endemic to granitic Seychelles Islands in Indian Ocean
Most closely related to Indian Nasikabatrachidae
Small, terrestrial
Have larval/tadpole and direct development
1 genus, 2 sp. Recently described
W Ghats in S India
Large (bloated) body, small eyes, no tympanum
Snout with distinct white protrusion
Sister to Sooglossidae
53+ genera, 1k+ sp
Claw shaped phlanges, usually end in toe disks
Most species are arboreal climbers with arboreal ecomorphs
Diverse reproductive modes
20 genera, 425+ sp
Mostly arboreal with toe disks and adherant toe pads
Many are foam nesters, but repro is varied
In many tropical areas, occupy the treefrog niche
Significant species: Cristalus effingeri breeds in broken bamboo
2 genera, 3 sp
Small, with fleshy rostral appendage at the end of the snout
Eggs laid on land and attended by M
M carried tadpoles to water in mouth or broods them in vocal sacs
20 genera, 323+ sp
Large terrestrial eggs guarded by parent
Newly hatched tadpoles are carried on the back of guarding parent to water
Most have poisonous skin secretions
Advertised by bright colors
Some only breed in bromeliads and FM nourish larvae with trophic eggs
69 genera, 678+ sp
Almost all ecomorphs
Enormous morphological, reproductive, and ecological diversity
In parts of SE Asia, may occupy niches frequently held by other families
26 genera, 413+ sp
"Catch all" family with no defining synpomorphies
Non-monophyletic
The genus Rana with the most species is rather uniform, other genera are not