Graphic Design History Test 3

A third major innovation of nineteenth-century type design were the Sans-Serif faces, which were introduced in an 1816 specimen book issued by William Caslon IV. The specimen looked a lot like an Egyptian face with its serifs removed, which is probably how Caslon designed it. 

Wood Type Posters

There was difficulty making metal type. Darius Wells started up with wood type again and it stuck. William Leavenworth realized this allowed endless options for customers to send in sketches of what type face they wanted. And people went crazy and there was a greater push for posters now. 

Camera Obscura

A box with a hole for light. and special chemical paper inside. the light went in and projected a picture of the objects outside onto the paper. these were often used to help with drawing.

Louis jacques Daguerre

was friends with niepce who had been working on photography. He then made a ground breaking invention. Daguerreotype! highly polished silver plated copper sheet was sensitized by placing it down in iodine crystals. then placed in the camera and exposed to light. after it finished getting the picture imprint it was set with salt. only thing was that the image could not be repeated. the process was timely. 

TALBOT

Talbot was fixed on doing photographs on paper. trying to fix nature on the page. he started out with treating paper and placing plants on it and exposing it to light. and then he broke more ground in 1835 with the first negative print and then he would put treated paper behind the negative and expose to light again getting the first PRINT from a negative! even though this made reprints possible it still couldn't match the beautiful quality of the daguerreotype.

CHROMOLYTHOGRAPHY

Lythography is an etching in stone with a grease pencil writing. then that was inked and paper placed on it. they used the basic concept that oil and water don't mix! this advanced into using multiple colors. this made colored print suddenly possible Germany loved the realism that this could produce. because it was very bright and had a naturalistic look. 1860-1900 was that main time this technique was used. 

PRANG and Others 

The victorian style was very prominent in chromolithography. you had the cherubs and the happy women and just this old feel and look. Prang was called the father of the christmas card. he created the image of santa claus and other things that we still use to this day. 

VICTORIAN Era — Children

Victorian era brought along the many different type faces. colored print. and graphics for children. before this we treated children like adults. but during this time we get story books that are children "friendly". it was like they finally decided children should enjoy childhood. Many of these pictures are still used today with those stories.

Victorian Era— Jounalism

Fletcher Harper made the famous magazine Harpers Bazaar. and including a bunch of different magazines for youth to graphic artist. this really help unify ideas. It was also in these magazines that we had the civil war schetches that help bring the realization of the brutality of war to home. Thomas nast work for him and made a number of symbols we use to day like the democratic donkey. and whatever was in the magazines often swayed public thought politically.

Vicotrian Era- Typography

they had a thing for elaborate typefaces and lettering design. chromolithography was a big inspiration in that field of making typefaces. Note at this time we also had the industrial revolution which pushed for mass production. and also we got machines that helped with graphic art.

MORRIS- ARTS AND CRAFTS

Morris saw the mass production of the victorians and thought it was gross how cheaply made everything was done. So he pushed for a revival against industrialization and mass production. 

Arthur Mackmurdo

he was inspired by morris and studied renaissance architectural structures and ornamentation. he and some friends came together and established the century guild. His design is a link into the art nouveau. the swirling patterns and unity as a whole made his style ahead of his time. organic feel.

Private Press Movement

Charles Ashbee founded the GUILD OF HANDICRAFT this school unified the teaching of design and theory through experience. he wanted to bring back apprenticeship. this closed he then formed the Essex House Press. they thought typography had been abused. it was meant to be pure and communicate to the imagination without loss through thought or image. they also produced a beautiful dove bible.

Art Nouveau — UKIYO-E

Pictures of the floating world... is the meaning of okay-e. up until 1860 japan had remained isolated to the world around it. So when they opened for trade there was a frenzy for japanese art and culture. there wood blocks were cheap enough that anyone could own them. so everyone had access to some form of art. Their style is very flat and line based. sometimes extending outward outside of the page. theres lots of negative space. everything is clean and strong color and pattern. Landscapes were also a big thing

Ando Hiroshige

Last great master of wood cutting. impressionist were inspired by his spatial composition and ability to capture a moment. 

ART NOUVEAU

Organic, no right angles, swirls/tendrils, plant like. and it was seen as a whole. if it was a house the people might even dress to match. it shares with the arts and crafts movement the want to be clean and good craftsmanship. they also used the female form in a different way she was shown as enjoying things. 

Art Nouveau — Posters(French)

Paris made laws allowing posters anywhere except certain buildings. this exploided poster making. Cheret revolutionized posters. it took a while before anyone would believe him. but eventually he was making some of the most modern posters ever seen. it had idealized beauty and a carefree spirit. also called the father of women liberation for showing women in a new role enjoying everyday things in a respectable manner.

Poster cont.— Grasset(French)

Grasset was another big influence on posters. heavy influenced by asian art. his colors were more earthy and muted. flowing robes, medieval influenced also. coloring book style. but his style looks german influenced.

Art Nouveau— England

Concerned with graphic design and illustration rather then architecture. Aubrey Beardsley was a big influence with his vibrant black and white work and exotic imagery. he died at a young age however. photoengraving process which allowed completely fidelity to the original art. Morris however found is work terrible because he was one of beardsley's influences along with medieval art. the darkness of his works were also shocking to the society in which he lived in. 

Art Nouveau— back to the french

Toulouse0Lautrec made way with his dynamic pattern of flat plans. his even more simplistic poster of moulin rouge. his images communicated very well. also was influenced by japanese art. 

Art Nouveau— (Mucha)

Another French. on Christmas eve supposedly they needed a poster and he was the only one still there. they didn't like the one grasses did. so he did it with a similar pose but a byzantine mosaic look with gold color. and it was huge. the women he has is more of a fantasy/mythical being. and his posters didn't read as well from afar but when you walked up you would be astounded. 

Art Nouveau — America

Harpers magazine featured Grasset art work. Lois Rhead  will study in england and paris before going to america. he adopted much of grasset germanic style. he did however make the colors more vibrant with different combinations. he had victorian designs in the embellishments and forms inspired by the arts and crafts movement. 

Van De Velde— 1899

Belgium and the netherlands- he did almost everything art related. he was the precursor to 20th century painting. he liked the symbolic form and color. he was more interested in furthering the arts and crafts philosophy. he thought machine things should be separate from handmade and not try to imitate. he has celtic influence. and it is purely abstract

Other art nouveau

Indonesia has shadow puppets. lots of detail and patter. very abstract body. long narrow figures. Germany- bright colors. plains of color. lighter lines. more naturalistic. they were called the youth style and magazines were dedicated to that style they give the artist free reign in the magazine so every page is different and unique to the artist. Itally lots of red...... ummm ya

20th century — Wright

1893 he began his independent practice. he was in favor of philostophy of organic architecture. he saw space as the essence of design. lost of rectangular repetition. he hand pressed the house beautiful. and his border designs were freehand line of lacy patterns of plants. 

Mackintosh— 1896

symbolic complexity. geometric style. bold simple lines define flat planes of color. when we get to his work he abstracted the human body and people were in uproar about it. The studio however was impressed. because it was meant to attract attention with its abstract qualities. he also made improvements to architecture especially known for his chairs. 

Vienne Secession style

Viennese Creative Artist' Association were protesting. they didn't want foreign artist to be apart of their exhibition. they drew inspiration from the glasgow school. Klimt uses greek mythology of athena goddess of arts. watching theseus kill. the were symbolic of the struggle between them and the kunstlerhaus. they had to put trees in to cover the nudity when the police declared it vulgar. moser shows how quickly idealized figures are absorbed. they also loved sans-serif. moser uses lots of geometric shapes. and patterning. because they rejected the french floral design so the result was symplifying. and it is subtly organic. 

Beheren

German artist, architect, designer. grid system for layouts. he was interested in using sans-serif type faces. and experimented with using geometric designs with them. he created a uniquely german type incorporating heavy, condensed black letter, horizontal and vertical lines emphasized and diagonals replaced with curves. became a director at a school he developed geometric patterns that could be used for proportions, dimensions, spatial divisions. he became the artistic advisor of the AEG.