Chapter 32: Activity Vocabulary

Pregunta	Respuesta
shapes of bones	long, flat and irregular
articulation / joint	area where a bone meets another bone
types of freely moveable joints	1. ball & socket: shoulder/hip 2. condyloid: wrist, joints connecting finters to palms 3. gliding: carpal/tarsal bones 4. hinge: elbow, knee, ankle 5. pivot joint: between the atlas/axis of the neck 6. saddle joint: between trapezium/metacarpal of the thumb
types of joints	fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
types of joint movement	synarthrosis: immovable amphiarthrosis: slightly movable diarthrosis: freely moveable
synarthrosis: immovable	no joint cavity, fibrous connective tissue between bones. i.e. sutures between bones of skull
amphiarthrosis: slightly movable	no joint cavity; cartilage between bones: i.e. pubic symphysis; joints between bodies of vertebrae
diarthrosis: freely moveable	joint cavity containing synovial fluid. i.e. gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball & socket
ligaments	tough, fibrous bands of connective tissue that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage
tendons	strong, flexibe, inelastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
cartilage	hard, nonvacular connective tissue found in the joints as well as in the nose, ear, thorax, trachea, and larynx. function as a shock absorber, provides smooth surface that reduces friction between the moving parts of the joint
3 types of muscles	skeletal, cardiac and smooth/visceral
muscles have 2 differing points of attachment	1. point of origin: attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone 2. point of insertion: attachment to the more movable bone
afferent neurons	convey info from receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS
efferent	convey the response from the CNS to skeletal muscles by way of the somatic nervous system
postural reflexes	group of reflexes that maintain body position and equilibrium, whether at rest or during movement
postural tonus	the sustained contraction of select skeletal muscles that keeps the body in an upright position against the force of gravity
postural tonus depends on	labyrinthine sense, proprioceptor/kinetic sense, visual or optic reflexes, extensor/stretch reflexes
labyrinthine sense	sense of position, orientation and movement
proprioceptor/kinetic sense	sensing location of a limb or body part
extensor/stretch reflexes	when extensor muscles are stretched beyond a certain point, their stimulation causes a reflex contraction that aids a person to reestablish erect posture
body mechanics	use of proper body position to provide protection from the stress of movement and activity, specifically in regard to structure, function and position of the body
patient care ergonomics	the practice of designing equipment/work tasks to conform to the capacity of the worker in relation to patient care
orthopedics	the correction/prevention of disorders of body structure used in locomotion
tonus	state of slight contraction, the usual state of skeletal muscles
contractures	permanent contraction of a muscle
osteoarthritis / degenerative joint disease	most common type. noninflammatory, progressive disorder of movable joints, particulary weight bearing joints, characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage and pain with motion
sprain	occurs w/the wrenching/twisting of a joint, resulting in a partial tear or rupture to its attachment
dislocation	displacment of a bone from a joint w/tearing of ligaments, tendons and capsules
negative nitrogen balance	larger breakdown of protein than that which is manufactured leads to this
flat effect	when a person's face registers no emotion
muscle contraction types	isotonic, isometric and isokinetic
isotonic exercise	involves muscle shortening and active movement (walking, jogging, etc.)
isometric exercise	muscle contractions w/out shortening. no movement or only a minimum shortening of muscle fibers
isokinetic exercise	muscle contractions w/resistance. lifting weight.
fibrinolysin	substance that breaks up small clots
RICE	rest, ice, compress, elevate
primary and serious effects of immobility on the cardiovascular system	increased cardiac workload, orthostatic hypotension, venous stasis, venous thrombosis
ankylosis	consolidation and immobilization of a joint. can be fixed.
crepitation	palpable or audible crunching or grating sensation produced by motion of the joint
flaccidity	hypotonicity; decreased tone
spasticity	hypertonicity, increased tone that interferes w/movement
paresis	impaired muscle strength or weakness
paralysis	absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment
hemiplegia	paralysis of one half of the body
paraplegia	pralysis of the legs
quadriplegia	paralysis of the arms/legs
transfer board	made of smooth, rigid, low-friction material providing a slick surface for the patient during transfers, reducing friction, and the force required to move the patient
Broken or gatched beds	mattress if flexed at the level of the knee. rarely recommended, can cause pressure on the politeal space, resulting in impaired circulation to the lower extrimity and an increased risk for clot formation
footdrop	greatest danger to the feet; the foot is unable to maintain itself in the perpendicular position. patien experiences extreme difficulty in walking
cradle	usually a metal frame that supports the bed linens away from the patient
sandbags	immobilize extremity and support body alignment
trochanter rolls	used to support hips and legs so that the femurs do not rotate outward. require frequent adjustment to be effective
hand-wrist splints or hand rolls	if a patient is paralyzed or unconscious; provide a means for keeping the thumb in the correct position, slightly adducted and in apposition to the fingers
Fowler's	45 - 60 degree
High Fowler's	90 degree
Low Fowler's	30 degrees
graduated compression stockings	used for patients at risk for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and to help prevent phlebitis. they apply pressure, increasing the velocity of blood flow in the superficial/deep veins and improve venous valve function in the legs, promoting venous return to the heart
logrolling	used when a patient has a spinal injury or is recovering from neck, back, or spinal injury
cupping	placing a cupped hand under the joint to support it
cradling	supporting the joint w/one hand while cradling the distal portion of the extremity w/the remaining arm
one nurse ambulate assist	Stand at the patient's side and place both hands at the patient's waist. grasp the belt securely in the back and walk behind and slightly to the side of the patient
single ended canes with half-circle handles	for patients requiring minimal support and those who will be using stairs
single ended canes w/straing handles	patients w/hand weakness because the handrip is easier to hold
tripod or quad cane	provides a wide base of support for patients w/poor balance
holding a cane	hold cane in the opposite hand from the leg with the most severe deficit
types of crutches	axiallary (temporary restrictions) and forearm (permanent limitations)
walking w/cane	1. stand w/weigh evenly distributed between feet and cane 2. cane held on the patient's stronger side and advanced 4 - 12 inches 3. supporting weight on the stronger leg and the cane, patient advances weaker foot forward next to cane 4. patient advances stronger leg forward ahead of the cane (slightly beyond) 5. weaker leg is moved forward until even w/stronger leg

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	Creado por Alexandra Bozan hace alrededor de 7 años