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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| T/F: In order for a cell to transform to a cancer cell, there has to be gene alterations in cell growth and differentiation. | T. |
| T/F: Tumor is a non-specific term for neoplasm. | T. |
| Differentiate benign and malignant tumors: 1. size 2. invasiveness 3. metastasis 4. demarcation 5. growth rate 6. differentiation | Benign v.s. malignant 1. size: small v.s. large 2. invasiveness: non-invasive v.s. invasive 3. metastasis: nonmetastatic v.s. metastatic 4. demarcation: well v.s. poorly demarcated 5. growth rate: slow v.s. rapid 6. differentiation: well v.s. poor |
| Top 3 cancer for male and female. | Male: prostate, lung, colorectal Female: Breast, lung, colorectal |
| Remission is when the patient has _________. | No evidence of cancer. |
| Key reasons for cell to become cancerous: | 1. genetic changes 2. environmental exposure 3. failure of immune system 4. sustain independent growth |
| Oncogene (start/stop) the cancer. It develops in the ___ phase. | Start. G phase. |
| Tumor suppression genes turn (on/off) the cancerous cells. | Off. |
| Proliferation of cells is called _______ | Hyperplasia |
| Change/ abnormality of form or development of cell shape is _________. | Dysplasia. |
| Conversion of a cell from one type to another is called _______. | Metaphasia |
| Cells losing the morphological characteristics is called ___________. | Anaplasia. |
| The multistep process involving acquired genetic mutation is called | Carcinogenesis |
| T/F: A single mutation may lead to cancer. | F. multiple mutation is required. |
| Three steps of tumor growth. | 1. tumor initiation 2. tumor promotion 3. tumor progression |
| APC, DCC, and P53 are _______ | Tumor suppressor gene |
| Ras genes are usually | Oncogene |
| The ten hallmarks of cancer: 1. evading ________. 2. enabling _______. 3. Tumor-promoting ________. 4. Activating ______ and _____. 5. ______ instability. 6. inducing angiogenesis. 7. Resisting ________. 8. Deregulating cellular _______. 9. sustaining _______ signaling. 10. Avoiding _______ destruction. | 1. evading [growth suppressors]. 2. enabling [replicative immortality]. 3. Tumor-promoting [inflammation]. 4. Activating [invasion] and [metastasis]. 5. [Genomic] instability. 6. inducing angiogenesis. 7. Resisting [cell death]. 8. Deregulating cellular [energetics]. 9. sustaining [proliferative] signaling. 10. Avoiding [immune] destruction. |
| Hereditary mutations are carried in the DNA of ________. | Reproductive cells. |
| Example of hereditary mutation genes? | BRCA1 and BRCA2 |
| T/F: Since cancer is genetic, it is mostly inherited. | F. |
| Proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become oncogene due to ______. | Mutation. |
| Name a tumor suppressor gene. | P53 |
| Name an apoptosis gene | BAX |
| Three ways p53 prevents cancer. | 1. senescence 2. successful repair 3. Apoptosis |
| T/F: Cancer is never caused by virus. | F. Virus can cause genetic changes. |
| Why do cancer patients lose weight easily? | -Tumor affect digestive system - Prevents body from absorbing nutrients - Tumor utilize fat, protein and carbs - Increased energy expenditure with decreased consumption |
| What are the treatment options for cancer? | 1. surgery 2. radiation therapy 3. chemotherapy 4. immunotherapy 5. hormone therapy 6. stem cell transplant |
| Biopsy determines if the tumor is _______ or ______. | Benign or malignant. |
| In sentinel node biopsy, a radioactive dye is injected and the _________ is biopsied. | First node that absorb the dye |
| Grade I is ____% differentiated. Grade II is ____% differentiated. Grade III is ____% differentiated. Grade IV is ____% differentiated. | Grade I is 75-100% differentiated. Grade II is 50 - 75% differentiated. Grade III is 25 - 50% differentiated. Grade IV is <25% differentiated. |
| The TNM system stands for: | Tumor, node, metastasis |
| T0 = T1 = T2 = T3 = | T: primary tumor T0 = free of tumor T1 = lesion < 2cm T2 = lesion 2-5 cm T3 = skin and chest wall involved |
| N0 = N1 = N2 = | N0 = no AXILLARY nodes involved N1 = mobile nodes involved N2 = fixed nodes involved |
| M0 = M1 = M2 = | M0 = no metastasis M1 = demonstrable metastases M2 = suspected metastases |
| A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become oncogene due to _____ or _____. | Mutation of increased expression. |
| _______ tells the cell to divide while _______ turns on the genes required for cell growth and proliferation. | [Growth factors] tells the cell to divide while [transcription factors] turns on the genes required for cell growth and proliferation. |
| T/F: Tumor suppressor genes can act on any phase of the oncogene expression, such as signaling pathways and transcription. | T. |
| T/F: All cancer is genetic, hence all cancer is inheritable. | F. only 10% is inheritable. |
| T/F: Hereditary mutations will be in ALL of the offspring's body cells. | T. |
| T/F: Acquired mutation DOES NOT pass along to future copies. | F. |
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